Table I Variables definition Variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table I

Variables definition

Variables	Definition
Dependent variables
EQDD	Absolute value of the regression residuals estimated using Dechow and Dichev’s (2002) model
EQDDM	Absolute value of the regression residuals estimated using Dechow and Dichev’s (2002) model as modified by McNichols (2002)
Independent variables
DIV	Dividend paying status that takes the value of 1 if a firm pays cash dividends in year t and 0 otherwise
DY	Dividend yield defined as dividends per share scaled by stock price
DIVE	Dividend payout ratio defined as dividends per share scaled by earnings per share
Control variables
ROA	Return on assets defined as net income plus interest expense scaled by total assets
SALESG	Sales growth defined as change in sales scaled by previous year sales
BEME	Book value of equity scaled by market value of equity
LNME	Natural logarithm of market capitalization
AGE	Number of years since a firm has been listed on Vietnam stock exchange
LTDA	Long-term liabilities scaled by total assets

Variables	Definition
Dependent variables
EQDD	Absolute value of the regression residuals estimated using Dechow and Dichev’s (2002) model
EQDDM	Absolute value of the regression residuals estimated using Dechow and Dichev’s (2002) model as modified by McNichols (2002)
Independent variables
DIV	Dividend paying status that takes the value of 1 if a firm pays cash dividends in year t and 0 otherwise
DY	Dividend yield defined as dividends per share scaled by stock price
DIVE	Dividend payout ratio defined as dividends per share scaled by earnings per share
Control variables
ROA	Return on assets defined as net income plus interest expense scaled by total assets
SALESG	Sales growth defined as change in sales scaled by previous year sales
BEME	Book value of equity scaled by market value of equity
LNME	Natural logarithm of market capitalization
AGE	Number of years since a firm has been listed on Vietnam stock exchange
LTDA	Long-term liabilities scaled by total assets