Table A1 DH causality test results Null...

Table A1

DH causality test results

Null hypothesis	High-income countries		Middle-income countries
A does not homogeneously cause B	W-stat	Inferences	W-stat	Inferences
CAP−GDP	2.06^*	CAP → GDP	2.13^*	CAP ↔ GDP
GDP−CAP	1.26	CAP → GDP	2.15^*	CAP ↔ GDP
LAB−GDP	4.32^***	LAB ↔ GDP	6.07^***	LAB ↔ GDP
GDP−LAB	5.65^***	LAB ↔ GDP	2.06^*	LAB ↔ GDP
ICTMob−GDP	3.13^***	ICTmob → GDP	6.17^***	ICTmob ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTMob	0.85	ICTmob → GDP	4.53^***	ICTmob ↔ GDP
ICTNET-GDP	2.54^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP	3.94^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTNET	2.22^**	ICTNet ↔ GDP	4.14^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP
ICTTel−GDP	5.40^***	ICTtel → GDP	4.65^***	ICTtel ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTTel	1.85	ICTtel → GDP	14.86^***	ICTtel ↔ GDP
FD−GDP	1.71	GDP → FD	1.01	GDP → FD
GDP−FD	2.41^**	GDP → FD	2.46^***	GDP → FD
TRD−GDP	2.07^**	TRD ↔ GDP	3.49^***	TRD ↔ GDP
GDP−TRD	2.44^**	TRD ↔ GDP	3.49^***	TRD ↔ GDP
FDI−GDP	1.44	GDP → FDI	3.14^***	FDI → GDP
GDP−FDI	4.25^***	GDP → FDI	1.61	FDI → GDP
LAB−CAP	1.16	CAP → LAB	1.62	CAP → LAB
CAP−LAB	3.43^***	CAP → LAB	2.09^*	CAP → LAB
ICTMob−CAP	1.00	No Causality	3.87^***	ICTmob ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTMob	1.55	No Causality	2.65^***	ICTmob ↔ CAP
ICTNET−CAP	0.72	No Causality	2.69^***	ICTNet ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTNET	1.13	No Causality	3.35^***	ICTNet ↔ CAP
ICTTel−CAP	2.21^**	ICTtel ↔ CAP	2.73^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTTel	3.46^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP	4.83^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP
FD−CAP	1.12	No Causality	1.59	CAP → FD
CAP−FD	1.53	No Causality	3.75^***	CAP → FD
TRD−CAP	1.84	CAP → TRD	2.23^*	TRD ↔ CAP
CAP−TRD	3.25^***	CAP → TRD	2.29^**	TRD ↔ CAP
FDI−CAP	1.34	CAP → FDI	1.75	CAP → FDI
CAP−FDI	4.02^***	CAP → FDI	2.09^*	CAP → FDI
ICTMOB−LAB	9.23^***	ICTmob ↔ LAB	2.79^***	ICTmob → LAB
LAB−ICTMob	2.55^***	ICTmob ↔ LAB	1.72	ICTmob → LAB
ICTNET−LAB	6.45^***	ICTNet ↔ LAB	1.48	LAB → ICTNet
LAB−ICTNET	3.80^***	ICTNet ↔ LAB	3.63^***	LAB → ICTNet
ICTTel−LAB	4.76^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB	2.15^**	ICTtel ↔ LAB
LAB−ICTTel	2.62^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB	13.20^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB
FD−LAB	4.98^***	FD ↔ LAB	3.26^***	FD ↔ LAB
LAB−FD	4.30^***	FD ↔ LAB	3.20^***	FD ↔ LAB
TRD−LAB	5.49^***	TRD ↔ LAB	2.13^**	TRD ↔ LAB
LAB−TRD	3.02^***	TRD ↔ LAB	3.26^***	TRD ↔ LAB
FDI−LAB	3.25^***	FDI ↔ LAB	1.78	No causality
LAB−FDI	5.91^***	FDI ↔ LAB	1.60^**	No causality
FD−ICTMob	2.36^**	FD ↔ ICTmob	2.77^***	FD ↔ ICTmob
ICTMob−FD	2.70^***	FD ↔ ICTmob	5.74^***	FD ↔ ICTmob
FD−ICTNET	1.64	ICTNet → FD	3.78^***	FD ↔ ICTNet
ICTNET−FD	4.29^***	ICTNet → FD	4.91^***	FD ↔ ICTNet
FD−ICTTel	1.79	ICTtel → FD	7.41^***	FD → ICTtel
ICTTel−FD	3.72^***	ICTtel → FD	1.27	FD → ICTtel
TRD−ICTMob	3.32^***	TRD ↔ ICTmob	3.37^***	TRD ↔ ICTMob
ICTMob−TRD	2.31^**	TRD ↔ ICTmob	3.29^***	TRD ↔ ICTMob
TRD−ICTNET	1.37	ICTNet → TRD	1.80	ICTNet → TRD
ICTNET−TRD	4.44^***	ICTNet → TRD	2.35^**	ICTNet → TRD
TRD−ICTTel	2.30^**	TRD ↔ ICTtel	3.99^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel
ICTTel−TRD	3.66^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel	4.07^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel
FDI−ICTMob	1.09	ICTmob → FDI	1.85	ICTmob → FDI
ICTMob−FDI	4.44^***	ICTmob → FDI	2.20^**	ICTmob → FDI
FDI−ICTNET	5.40^***	FDI ↔ ICTNET	2.43^**	FDI → ICTNet
ICTNET−FDI	3.49^***	FDI ↔ ICTNET	1.92	FDI → ICTNet
FDI−ICTTel	1.44	ICTtel → FDI	2.44^***	FDI → ICTtel
ICTTel−FDI	2.42^**	ICTtel → FDI	1.02	FDI → ICTtel
TRD−FD	3.44^***	TRD ↔ FD	1.91	FD → TRD
FD−TRD	2.75^***	TRD ↔ FD	2.01^*	FD → TRD
FDI−FD	1.53	FD → FDI	2.15^*	FD ↔ IFD
FD−FDI	3.19^***	FD → FDI	2.12^*	FD ↔ IFD
FDI−TRD	1.76	No causality	1.90	TRD → FDI
TRD−FDI	1.88	No causality	2.63^***	TRD → FDI

Null hypothesis	High-income countries		Middle-income countries
A does not homogeneously cause B	W-stat	Inferences	W-stat	Inferences
CAP−GDP	2.06^*	CAP → GDP	2.13^*	CAP ↔ GDP
GDP−CAP	1.26	CAP → GDP	2.15^*	CAP ↔ GDP
LAB−GDP	4.32^***	LAB ↔ GDP	6.07^***	LAB ↔ GDP
GDP−LAB	5.65^***	LAB ↔ GDP	2.06^*	LAB ↔ GDP
ICTMob−GDP	3.13^***	ICTmob → GDP	6.17^***	ICTmob ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTMob	0.85	ICTmob → GDP	4.53^***	ICTmob ↔ GDP
ICTNET-GDP	2.54^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP	3.94^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTNET	2.22^**	ICTNet ↔ GDP	4.14^***	ICTNet ↔ GDP
ICTTel−GDP	5.40^***	ICTtel → GDP	4.65^***	ICTtel ↔ GDP
GDP−ICTTel	1.85	ICTtel → GDP	14.86^***	ICTtel ↔ GDP
FD−GDP	1.71	GDP → FD	1.01	GDP → FD
GDP−FD	2.41^**	GDP → FD	2.46^***	GDP → FD
TRD−GDP	2.07^**	TRD ↔ GDP	3.49^***	TRD ↔ GDP
GDP−TRD	2.44^**	TRD ↔ GDP	3.49^***	TRD ↔ GDP
FDI−GDP	1.44	GDP → FDI	3.14^***	FDI → GDP
GDP−FDI	4.25^***	GDP → FDI	1.61	FDI → GDP
LAB−CAP	1.16	CAP → LAB	1.62	CAP → LAB
CAP−LAB	3.43^***	CAP → LAB	2.09^*	CAP → LAB
ICTMob−CAP	1.00	No Causality	3.87^***	ICTmob ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTMob	1.55	No Causality	2.65^***	ICTmob ↔ CAP
ICTNET−CAP	0.72	No Causality	2.69^***	ICTNet ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTNET	1.13	No Causality	3.35^***	ICTNet ↔ CAP
ICTTel−CAP	2.21^**	ICTtel ↔ CAP	2.73^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP
CAP−ICTTel	3.46^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP	4.83^***	ICTtel ↔ CAP
FD−CAP	1.12	No Causality	1.59	CAP → FD
CAP−FD	1.53	No Causality	3.75^***	CAP → FD
TRD−CAP	1.84	CAP → TRD	2.23^*	TRD ↔ CAP
CAP−TRD	3.25^***	CAP → TRD	2.29^**	TRD ↔ CAP
FDI−CAP	1.34	CAP → FDI	1.75	CAP → FDI
CAP−FDI	4.02^***	CAP → FDI	2.09^*	CAP → FDI
ICTMOB−LAB	9.23^***	ICTmob ↔ LAB	2.79^***	ICTmob → LAB
LAB−ICTMob	2.55^***	ICTmob ↔ LAB	1.72	ICTmob → LAB
ICTNET−LAB	6.45^***	ICTNet ↔ LAB	1.48	LAB → ICTNet
LAB−ICTNET	3.80^***	ICTNet ↔ LAB	3.63^***	LAB → ICTNet
ICTTel−LAB	4.76^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB	2.15^**	ICTtel ↔ LAB
LAB−ICTTel	2.62^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB	13.20^***	ICTtel ↔ LAB
FD−LAB	4.98^***	FD ↔ LAB	3.26^***	FD ↔ LAB
LAB−FD	4.30^***	FD ↔ LAB	3.20^***	FD ↔ LAB
TRD−LAB	5.49^***	TRD ↔ LAB	2.13^**	TRD ↔ LAB
LAB−TRD	3.02^***	TRD ↔ LAB	3.26^***	TRD ↔ LAB
FDI−LAB	3.25^***	FDI ↔ LAB	1.78	No causality
LAB−FDI	5.91^***	FDI ↔ LAB	1.60^**	No causality
FD−ICTMob	2.36^**	FD ↔ ICTmob	2.77^***	FD ↔ ICTmob
ICTMob−FD	2.70^***	FD ↔ ICTmob	5.74^***	FD ↔ ICTmob
FD−ICTNET	1.64	ICTNet → FD	3.78^***	FD ↔ ICTNet
ICTNET−FD	4.29^***	ICTNet → FD	4.91^***	FD ↔ ICTNet
FD−ICTTel	1.79	ICTtel → FD	7.41^***	FD → ICTtel
ICTTel−FD	3.72^***	ICTtel → FD	1.27	FD → ICTtel
TRD−ICTMob	3.32^***	TRD ↔ ICTmob	3.37^***	TRD ↔ ICTMob
ICTMob−TRD	2.31^**	TRD ↔ ICTmob	3.29^***	TRD ↔ ICTMob
TRD−ICTNET	1.37	ICTNet → TRD	1.80	ICTNet → TRD
ICTNET−TRD	4.44^***	ICTNet → TRD	2.35^**	ICTNet → TRD
TRD−ICTTel	2.30^**	TRD ↔ ICTtel	3.99^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel
ICTTel−TRD	3.66^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel	4.07^***	TRD ↔ ICTtel
FDI−ICTMob	1.09	ICTmob → FDI	1.85	ICTmob → FDI
ICTMob−FDI	4.44^***	ICTmob → FDI	2.20^**	ICTmob → FDI
FDI−ICTNET	5.40^***	FDI ↔ ICTNET	2.43^**	FDI → ICTNet
ICTNET−FDI	3.49^***	FDI ↔ ICTNET	1.92	FDI → ICTNet
FDI−ICTTel	1.44	ICTtel → FDI	2.44^***	FDI → ICTtel
ICTTel−FDI	2.42^**	ICTtel → FDI	1.02	FDI → ICTtel
TRD−FD	3.44^***	TRD ↔ FD	1.91	FD → TRD
FD−TRD	2.75^***	TRD ↔ FD	2.01^*	FD → TRD
FDI−FD	1.53	FD → FDI	2.15^*	FD ↔ IFD
FD−FDI	3.19^***	FD → FDI	2.12^*	FD ↔ IFD
FDI−TRD	1.76	No causality	1.90	TRD → FDI
TRD−FDI	1.88	No causality	2.63^***	TRD → FDI

Note(s): ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

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