Table A2

Overinvestment estimation

VariablesDenoteDefinition
Dependent variables
New investmentInvestmenti,tNEWTotal investment including long-term and short-term investment divided by total asset
Explanatory variables
Cash flowCashFlowi,tThe cash available in a company after subtracting capital expenditures
Market performanceGrowthOptioni,tGrowth option is Tobin's Q ratio calculated as the market value of a company divided by the firm's assets
Asset turnoverAssetTurnoveri,tThe ability to generate fixed assets through sales measured by total fixed assets divided by total sales
Firm growthSaleGrowthi,tThe growth rate of firm sales over year
Firm sizeCompanySizei,tNatural logarithm of total assets
Business riskRiski,tStandard deviation of EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) over total asset ratio in three consecutive years
LeverageDebtRatioi,tTotal liabilities over total assets

Note(s): All the above variables are calculated by using financial data from Thomson Reuters Eikon Financial Analysis

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