Table 1

Variables and data sources

CodeNameData sources
EXExport value of each good (US$1,000) from Vietnam to each trading partnerUN Comtrade database
GDPGDP of each countries (US$1,000)World Bank database
POPPopulation of each countriesWorld Bank database
DisGeographical distance between Vietnam and each countryCEPII database
ERExchange rate of trading partnersIMF database
OECD database
contigWhether Vietnam has common border with each countryCEPII database
Pr25% Thai rice's price for rice's modelFAO
OpenOpenness of VietnamAuthor's calculation
ASEANWhether a country is an official member of ASEANAuthor's calculation
EUWhether a country is an official member of EU (exclude the UK)Author's calculation
CPTPPWhether a country is an official member of CPTPPAuthor's calculation
COther factors affecting to Vietnamese exports in rice and coffee
ZVNtDeterminants of potential bilateral trade
γA vector of unknown parameters
iName of trade partner i
tTime t
εError term
vThe single-sided error term about effects of the “behind-the-border” constraint
uThe double-sided error-term

Source(s): Author (2020)

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