Table I Interacting agents in value... | Emerald Publishing

Table I

Interacting agents in value chains involving smallholders

Agents	Participation in value chain	Funding sources	Objectives in value chain participation	Conflicting interactions between agents
Value chain actors
Smallholders	On farm production, with surplus for chain; artisanal or collective processing	Sales of raw materials or semi-finished products Non-farm income	Sufficient income to meet basic needs	Production gluts, price collapse
Cooperatives and other forms of collective smallholder businesses	Aggregation of production; provision of farming inputs; technical, business and financial services provided to members (including marketing and credit)	Membership fees, donor projects, selling services to members	Support to smallholders by sharing costs, building social and other capital, and negotiating higher prices	Elite capture, free-riders, gender bias
Buyers and processors	Transformation and marketing for downstream buyers	Value added to raw materials or semi-finished products	Market share, growth in share price	Price-wars, price-fixing, lobbying government, taxation
Consumers	Demand for products	Subsidies, tax reductions	Utility, value for money	Changing tastes and preferences
Support service providers
Non-governmental organizations	Provision of technical, business and financial services	Access to funding from bilateral donors, government agencies; revenues from sales of products and services	Institutional growth, mission advancement	Competition with the private sector, crowding out
Policies
Governments	Regulatory body	Tax revenue, electoral support from smallholders and farmer organizations	Re-election, political legitimacy	Conflicts between government ministries (e.g. Finance, Agriculture)

Agents	Participation in value chain	Funding sources	Objectives in value chain participation	Conflicting interactions between agents
Value chain actors
Smallholders	On farm production, with surplus for chain; artisanal or collective processing	Sales of raw materials or semi-finished productsNon-farm income	Sufficient income to meet basic needs	Production gluts, price collapse
Cooperatives and other forms of collective smallholder businesses	Aggregation of production; provision of farming inputs; technical, business and financial services provided to members (including marketing and credit)	Membership fees, donor projects, selling services to members	Support to smallholders by sharing costs, building social and other capital, and negotiating higher prices	Elite capture, free-riders, gender bias
Buyers and processors	Transformation and marketing for downstream buyers	Value added to raw materials or semi-finished products	Market share, growth in share price	Price-wars, price-fixing, lobbying government, taxation
Consumers	Demand for products	Subsidies, tax reductions	Utility, value for money	Changing tastes and preferences
Support service providers
Non-governmental organizations	Provision of technical, business and financial services	Access to funding from bilateral donors, government agencies; revenues from sales of products and services	Institutional growth, mission advancement	Competition with the private sector, crowding out
Policies
Governments	Regulatory body	Tax revenue, electoral support from smallholders and farmer organizations	Re-election, political legitimacy	Conflicts between government ministries (e.g. Finance, Agriculture)