Table 2 Summary statistics Variable...

Table 2

Summary statistics

Variable	Variation	Mean	Std dev	Min	Max	Observations
$R & D d e c$ (R&D investment decision)	Overall	0.5986	0.4905	0.0000	1.0000	N = 862.0000
	Between	–	0.4771	0.0000	1.0000	n = 735.0000
	Within	–	0.1598	−0.0986	0 0.7960	T-bar = 1.1728
$c r e d i t$ (Access to loan/line of credit)	Overall	0.5883	0.4924	0.0000	1.0000	N = 855.0000
	Between	–	0.4797	0.0000	1.0000	n = 729.0000
	Within	–	0.1530	0.0883	1.0883	T-bar = 1.1728
$i n f o r m a l c o m p$ (Informal sector competition)	Overall	0.5351	0.4991	0.0000	1.0000	N = 841.0000
	Between	–	0.4808	0.0000	1.0000	n = 721.0000
	Within	–	0.1776	0.0351	1.0351	T-bar = 1.1664
$f s i z e_e m p l o y$ (Firm size by employment)	Overall	2.2133	0.7499	1.0000	3.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	0.7534	1.0000	3.0000	n = 731.0000
	Within	–	0.1323	1.7133	2.7133	T-bar = 1.1737
$f s i z e_s a l e s$ (Annual sales, Ksh million)	Overall	1890.0000	16900.0000	0.1000	425000.0000	N = 772.0000
	Between	–	18100.0000	0.1000	425000.0000	n = 671.0000
	Within	–	689.0000	−6570.0000	10400.0000	T-bar = 1.1505
$e x p o r t$ (% of sales exported)	Overall	23.1542	35.3726	0.0000	100.0000	N = 856.0000
	Between	–	34.9536	0.0000	100.0000	n = 731.0000
	Within	–	9.6929	−26.8458	73.1542	T-bar = 1.1710
$f o r e i g n$ (% share of foreign ownership)	Overall	10.5723	27.0158	0.0000	100.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	27.0857	0.0000	100.0000	n = 730.0000
	Within	–	7.4826	−39.4277	60.5723	T-bar = 1.1753
$p r o d u c t d i v e r s$ (% of main product in total sales)	Overall	89.0776	17.1398	20.0000	100.0000	N = 864.0000
	Between	–	16.7168	20.0000	100.0000	n = 736.0000
	Within	–	5.4075	59.0776	119.0775	T-bar = 1.1739
$j u d i c i a l$ (Courts fair and impartiality)	Overall	0.4825	0.5000	0.0000	1.0000	N = 800.0000
	Between	–	0.4806	0.0000	1.0000	n = 689.0000
	Within	–	0.1821	−0.0175	0.9825	T-bar = 1.1611
$f i r m a g e$ (Firm's age, years)	Overall	28.4767	18.9128	0.0000	107.0000	N = 860.0000
	Between	–	18.7838	0.0000	107.0000	n = 732.0000
	Within	–	1.4872	15.9767	40.9767	T-bar = 1.1749
$l e g a l$ (Firm's legal status)	Overall	2.0658	0.7015	1.0000	3.0000	N = 851.0000
	Between	–	0.6788	1.0000	3.0000	n = 724.0000
	Within	–	0.2401	1.0658	3.0658	T-bar = 1.1754
$p o l i t i c a l$ (Political instability obstacle)	Overall	0.8126	0.3905	0.0000	1.0000	N = 859.0000
	Between	–	0.3782	0.0000	1.0000	n = 734.0000
	Within	–	0.1428	0.3126	1.3126	T-bar = 1.1703
$t a x$ (Taxation constraint)	Overall	0.7995	0.4006	0.0000	1.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	0.3948	0.0000	1.0000	n = 733.0000
	Within	–	0.1301	0.2995	1.2995	T-bar = 1.1705
$s u b s e c t o r$ (Subsector based on technology content)	Overall	2.4867	0.8051	1.0000	3.0000	N = 865.0000
	Between	–	0.7840	1.0000	3.0000	n = 737.0000
	Within	–	0.2083	1.4867	3.4867	T-bar = 1.1737

Variable	Variation	Mean	Std dev	Min	Max	Observations
$R & D d e c$ (R&D investment decision)	Overall	0.5986	0.4905	0.0000	1.0000	N = 862.0000
	Between	–	0.4771	0.0000	1.0000	n = 735.0000
	Within	–	0.1598	−0.0986	0 0.7960	T-bar = 1.1728
$c r e d i t$ (Access to loan/line of credit)	Overall	0.5883	0.4924	0.0000	1.0000	N = 855.0000
	Between	–	0.4797	0.0000	1.0000	n = 729.0000
	Within	–	0.1530	0.0883	1.0883	T-bar = 1.1728
$i n f o r m a l c o m p$ (Informal sector competition)	Overall	0.5351	0.4991	0.0000	1.0000	N = 841.0000
	Between	–	0.4808	0.0000	1.0000	n = 721.0000
	Within	–	0.1776	0.0351	1.0351	T-bar = 1.1664
$f s i z e_e m p l o y$ (Firm size by employment)	Overall	2.2133	0.7499	1.0000	3.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	0.7534	1.0000	3.0000	n = 731.0000
	Within	–	0.1323	1.7133	2.7133	T-bar = 1.1737
$f s i z e_s a l e s$ (Annual sales, Ksh million)	Overall	1890.0000	16900.0000	0.1000	425000.0000	N = 772.0000
	Between	–	18100.0000	0.1000	425000.0000	n = 671.0000
	Within	–	689.0000	−6570.0000	10400.0000	T-bar = 1.1505
$e x p o r t$ (% of sales exported)	Overall	23.1542	35.3726	0.0000	100.0000	N = 856.0000
	Between	–	34.9536	0.0000	100.0000	n = 731.0000
	Within	–	9.6929	−26.8458	73.1542	T-bar = 1.1710
$f o r e i g n$ (% share of foreign ownership)	Overall	10.5723	27.0158	0.0000	100.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	27.0857	0.0000	100.0000	n = 730.0000
	Within	–	7.4826	−39.4277	60.5723	T-bar = 1.1753
$p r o d u c t d i v e r s$ (% of main product in total sales)	Overall	89.0776	17.1398	20.0000	100.0000	N = 864.0000
	Between	–	16.7168	20.0000	100.0000	n = 736.0000
	Within	–	5.4075	59.0776	119.0775	T-bar = 1.1739
$j u d i c i a l$ (Courts fair and impartiality)	Overall	0.4825	0.5000	0.0000	1.0000	N = 800.0000
	Between	–	0.4806	0.0000	1.0000	n = 689.0000
	Within	–	0.1821	−0.0175	0.9825	T-bar = 1.1611
$f i r m a g e$ (Firm's age, years)	Overall	28.4767	18.9128	0.0000	107.0000	N = 860.0000
	Between	–	18.7838	0.0000	107.0000	n = 732.0000
	Within	–	1.4872	15.9767	40.9767	T-bar = 1.1749
$l e g a l$ (Firm's legal status)	Overall	2.0658	0.7015	1.0000	3.0000	N = 851.0000
	Between	–	0.6788	1.0000	3.0000	n = 724.0000
	Within	–	0.2401	1.0658	3.0658	T-bar = 1.1754
$p o l i t i c a l$ (Political instability obstacle)	Overall	0.8126	0.3905	0.0000	1.0000	N = 859.0000
	Between	–	0.3782	0.0000	1.0000	n = 734.0000
	Within	–	0.1428	0.3126	1.3126	T-bar = 1.1703
$t a x$ (Taxation constraint)	Overall	0.7995	0.4006	0.0000	1.0000	N = 858.0000
	Between	–	0.3948	0.0000	1.0000	n = 733.0000
	Within	–	0.1301	0.2995	1.2995	T-bar = 1.1705
$s u b s e c t o r$ (Subsector based on technology content)	Overall	2.4867	0.8051	1.0000	3.0000	N = 865.0000
	Between	–	0.7840	1.0000	3.0000	n = 737.0000
	Within	–	0.2083	1.4867	3.4867	T-bar = 1.1737

Note(s): $n$ is the number of observations, N is the total number of individual-time observations, and T-bar is the waves or the average number of time periods a variable is observed, equivalent to $N / n$

Source(s): Author’s calculations based on the World Bank enterprise surveys

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