Table 2 Social protection and household...

Table 2

Social protection and household welfare – multinomial logit results

	Income	Model (1)	Consumption	Model (2)
	(Group 1)	(Group 2)	(Group 1)	(Group 2)
	Reduction	Strong reduction	Reduction	Strong reduction
COVID-19 grant/social relief of distress grant	−0.223*	−0.163	−1.085**	−0.752*
COVID-19 grant/social relief of distress grant	(0.1365)	(0.396)	(0.480)	(0.427)
Unemployment insurance	−1.809*	−1.869***	−0.0354***	−0.185***
Unemployment insurance	(0.995)	(0.583)	(0.017)	(0.029)
Tax relief	−1.521***	−1.002****	−0.0299***	−0.0266***
Tax relief	(0.094)	(0.024)	(0.00944)	(0.00968)
Job protection and creation	−0.0394***	−1.066	−0.0654***	−0.0517**
Job protection and creation	(0.008)	(1.072)	(0.0166)	(0.0202)
Bank credit guarantee scheme	0.00363	0.369	−0.184	−0.191
Bank credit guarantee scheme	(0.957)	(0.819)	(0.125)	(0.130)
Gender	0.489	0.527*	0.591	0.644**
Gender	(0.409)	(0.317)	(0.409)	(0.311)
ln (1+hectares)	−0.0951***	−0.0438**	−0.183***	−0.0833***
ln (1+hectares)	(0.0024)	(0.0213)	(0.0261)	(0.0033)
Remittances	−0.184***	−0.191	−0.366***	−0.395***
Remittances	(0.025)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.125)
Very low-income class	−1.082	−0.328	0.990***	−0.262
Very low-income class	(0.695)	(0.498)	(0.084)	(0.494)
Low-income class	−0.909	−0.217	−0.692	−0.00128
Low-income class	(0.789)	(0.579)	(0.780)	(0.560)
Lower middle-income class	−1.272**	−1.255***	−1.031	−0.997**
Lower middle-income class	(0.622)	(0.477)	(0.644)	(0.498)
Upper middle-income class	−0.155***	−0.889***	−0.0940***	−0.735***
Upper middle-income class	(0.010)	(0.094)	(0.028)	(0.037)
High-income class	−0.485***	−0.599***	0.394***	−0.475***
High-income class	(0.042)	(0.036)	(0.066)	(0.076)
Number of people employed	−0.348	−0.296	−0.219	−0.181
Number of people employed	(0.203)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.213)
Some primary	−2.203	−1.020	−2.179	−0.980
Some primary	(1.481)	(1.005)	(1.436)	(1.009)
Completed primary	−1.058	−0.632	−1.150	−0.647
Completed primary	(1.208)	(1.023)	(1.175)	(0.994)
Completed high school	−0.963	−0.744	−1.177	−0.969
Completed high school	(0.908)	(0.797)	(0.869)	(0.736)
Cert/diploma/degree	−1.352	−0.549	−1.775*	−0.980
Cert/diploma/degree	(1.001)	(0.862)	(0.941)	(0.782)
Postgraduate	−1.203***	−0.506***	−1.232***	−0.396***
Postgraduate	(0.261)	(0.075)	(0.185)	(0.004)
Constant	1.093	2.393***	1.200	2.591***
Constant	(0.930)	(0.820)	(0.881)	(0.758)
Observations	393	393	393	393
LR χ² (Prob > χ²)	142.90***		166.82***
McFadden R²	0.6526		0.5042

	Income	Model (1)	Consumption	Model (2)
	(Group 1)	(Group 2)	(Group 1)	(Group 2)
	Reduction	Strong reduction	Reduction	Strong reduction
COVID-19 grant/social relief of distress grant	−0.223*	−0.163	−1.085**	−0.752*
COVID-19 grant/social relief of distress grant	(0.1365)	(0.396)	(0.480)	(0.427)
Unemployment insurance	−1.809*	−1.869***	−0.0354***	−0.185***
Unemployment insurance	(0.995)	(0.583)	(0.017)	(0.029)
Tax relief	−1.521***	−1.002****	−0.0299***	−0.0266***
Tax relief	(0.094)	(0.024)	(0.00944)	(0.00968)
Job protection and creation	−0.0394***	−1.066	−0.0654***	−0.0517**
Job protection and creation	(0.008)	(1.072)	(0.0166)	(0.0202)
Bank credit guarantee scheme	0.00363	0.369	−0.184	−0.191
Bank credit guarantee scheme	(0.957)	(0.819)	(0.125)	(0.130)
Gender	0.489	0.527*	0.591	0.644**
Gender	(0.409)	(0.317)	(0.409)	(0.311)
ln (1+hectares)	−0.0951***	−0.0438**	−0.183***	−0.0833***
ln (1+hectares)	(0.0024)	(0.0213)	(0.0261)	(0.0033)
Remittances	−0.184***	−0.191	−0.366***	−0.395***
Remittances	(0.025)	(0.130)	(0.127)	(0.125)
Very low-income class	−1.082	−0.328	0.990***	−0.262
Very low-income class	(0.695)	(0.498)	(0.084)	(0.494)
Low-income class	−0.909	−0.217	−0.692	−0.00128
Low-income class	(0.789)	(0.579)	(0.780)	(0.560)
Lower middle-income class	−1.272**	−1.255***	−1.031	−0.997**
Lower middle-income class	(0.622)	(0.477)	(0.644)	(0.498)
Upper middle-income class	−0.155***	−0.889***	−0.0940***	−0.735***
Upper middle-income class	(0.010)	(0.094)	(0.028)	(0.037)
High-income class	−0.485***	−0.599***	0.394***	−0.475***
High-income class	(0.042)	(0.036)	(0.066)	(0.076)
Number of people employed	−0.348	−0.296	−0.219	−0.181
Number of people employed	(0.203)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.213)
Some primary	−2.203	−1.020	−2.179	−0.980
Some primary	(1.481)	(1.005)	(1.436)	(1.009)
Completed primary	−1.058	−0.632	−1.150	−0.647
Completed primary	(1.208)	(1.023)	(1.175)	(0.994)
Completed high school	−0.963	−0.744	−1.177	−0.969
Completed high school	(0.908)	(0.797)	(0.869)	(0.736)
Cert/diploma/degree	−1.352	−0.549	−1.775*	−0.980
Cert/diploma/degree	(1.001)	(0.862)	(0.941)	(0.782)
Postgraduate	−1.203***	−0.506***	−1.232***	−0.396***
Postgraduate	(0.261)	(0.075)	(0.185)	(0.004)
Constant	1.093	2.393***	1.200	2.591***
Constant	(0.930)	(0.820)	(0.881)	(0.758)
Observations	393	393	393	393
LR χ² (Prob > χ²)	142.90***		166.82***
McFadden R²	0.6526		0.5042

Note(s): Robust standard errors in parentheses

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable