Table 3. Unit root tests ADF PP GF-GLS... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Unit root tests

	ADF		PP		GF-GLS
Variable	Level	1st diff.	Level	1st diff.	Level	1st diff.
FDI	−1.597	−5.699*	−1.550	−7.992*	−2.122	−5.879*
GDP	−3.517*	−4.936*	−2.833***	−5.791*	−3.039**	−5.281*
POV	−2.114	−4.580*	−4.703*	−11.319*	−2.230	−3.911*
TRA	−2.093	−4.219*	−1.927	−6.066*	−2.604	−4.492*
CRED	−2.144	−4.028*	−2.247	−5.324*	−2.670	−4.295*
INF	−4.313*	−4.653*	−3.748*	−6.289*	−3.157***	−4.799*
UNE	−1.548	−3.754*	−1.388	−3.847*	−1.903	−3.883*
GOV	−1.126	−5.127*	−1.001	−5.387*	−2.508	−5.306*
FREE	−3.719*	−2.918**	−3.252**	−2.916**	−1.035	−3.943*

	ADF		PP		GF-GLS
Variable	Level	1st diff.	Level	1st diff.	Level	1st diff.
FDI	−1.597	−5.699*	−1.550	−7.992*	−2.122	−5.879*
GDP	−3.517*	−4.936*	−2.833***	−5.791*	−3.039**	−5.281*
POV	−2.114	−4.580*	−4.703*	−11.319*	−2.230	−3.911*
TRA	−2.093	−4.219*	−1.927	−6.066*	−2.604	−4.492*
CRED	−2.144	−4.028*	−2.247	−5.324*	−2.670	−4.295*
INF	−4.313*	−4.653*	−3.748*	−6.289*	−3.157***	−4.799*
UNE	−1.548	−3.754*	−1.388	−3.847*	−1.903	−3.883*
GOV	−1.126	−5.127*	−1.001	−5.387*	−2.508	−5.306*
FREE	−3.719*	−2.918**	−3.252**	−2.916**	−1.035	−3.943*

Note:

*, ** and ***indicate significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively