2SLS regression analysis including corporate governance
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Coefficient | z-value | Coefficient | z-value |
| Constant | −3.0901 | −11.08*** | −1.5320 | −10.79*** |
| −0.0191 | −2.06** | −0.0116 | −2.42** | |
| NCSK1 | 0.0568 | 3.88*** | ||
| DUV1 | 0.0627 | 4.09*** | ||
| DTurn | −1.2086 | −1.10 | −0.3689 | −0.68 |
| RET | 13.3162 | 2.59*** | 6.2262 | 2.43** |
| MTB | 0.0154 | 3.11*** | 0.0085 | 3.50*** |
| SIZE | 0.1270 | 9.25*** | 0.0638 | 9.03*** |
| SIGMAR | 0.9158 | 1.18 | 0.0971 | 0.25 |
| LEV | −0.1652 | −1.46 | −0.1181 | −2.05** |
| ROA | −0.1918 | −1.38 | −0.0887 | −1.30 |
| ASACC | −0.0447 | −0.78 | −0.0084 | −0.37 |
| CGIP | −0.0058 | −0.32 | −0.0054 | −0.59 |
| Industry Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | ||
| Year Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | ||
| N | 4,890 | 4,890 | ||
| R2 | 0.0994 | 0.1036 | ||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Coefficient | Coefficient | ||
| −3.0901 | −11.08*** | −1.5320 | −10.79*** | |
| −0.0191 | −2.06** | −0.0116 | −2.42** | |
| 0.0568 | 3.88*** | |||
| 0.0627 | 4.09*** | |||
| −1.2086 | −1.10 | −0.3689 | −0.68 | |
| 13.3162 | 2.59*** | 6.2262 | 2.43** | |
| 0.0154 | 3.11*** | 0.0085 | 3.50*** | |
| 0.1270 | 9.25*** | 0.0638 | 9.03*** | |
| 0.9158 | 1.18 | 0.0971 | 0.25 | |
| −0.1652 | −1.46 | −0.1181 | −2.05** | |
| −0.1918 | −1.38 | −0.0887 | −1.30 | |
| −0.0447 | −0.78 | −0.0084 | −0.37 | |
| −0.0058 | −0.32 | −0.0054 | −0.59 | |
| Yes | Yes | |||
| Yes | Yes | |||
| 4,890 | 4,890 | |||
| 0.0994 | 0.1036 | |||
Notes: The table presents the 2SLS results of the effect of D&O insurance coverage on stock price crash risk. Dependent variables: NCSK and DUV are the crash risk measures of firm i in year t in Models 1 and 2, respectively. Independent variables: is the predicted LNDOM of Equation (5) of firm i in year t−1. NCSK1 is the crash risk measure of firm i in year t−1. DUV1 is the crash risk measure of firm i in year t−1. DTurn is the change in monthly share turnover of firm i in year t−1. RET is the average firm-specific weekly return of firm i in year t−1. MTB is the market-to-book-value ratio of firm i in year t−1. SIZE is the natural logarithm of the market value of equity of firm i in year t−1. SIGMAR is calculated as the standard deviation of the firm-specific weekly returns of firm i in year t−1. LEV is calculated as the total long-term debt to total asset ratio of firm i in year t−1. ROA is the return on assets of firm i in year t−1. ABACC is the absolute value of the abnormal accruals of firm i in year t−1. CGIP is the corporate governance index of the firm i in year t−1. Year Fixed Effect is a set of year dummy variables. Industry Fixed Effect is a set of industrial dummy variables. This study applies the Arellano and Bond’s (1991) approach to obtain robust standard errors and then computes the z-values. **,***Significant at the 5 and 1 percent levels, respectively
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