Effects of financial inclusion on agricultural productivity – fixed effects estimation
| Dependent variable: Agricultural productivity (count of the number of crop groups harvested) | Dependent variable: Agricultural productivity (value of agricultural output) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Financial inclusion (ACCESS) | 0.0678*** (0.0251) | 0.139*** (0.0425) | ||||
| Financial inclusion (SAVE) | 0.0993** (0.0424) | 0.202*** (0.066) | ||||
| Financial inclusion (BORROW) | 0.0442 (0.0271) | 0.115*** (0.0318) | ||||
| Household net worth | 0.0244*** (0.008) | 0.0266*** (0.00821) | 0.0234*** (0.00819) | 0.0003 (0.00966) | 0.00475 (0.00976) | −0.0022 (0.00694) |
| Household consumption | −0.0127 (0.0255) | −0.00428 (0.0261) | −0.00734 (0.0261) | 0.138*** (0.0443) | 0.156*** (0.0455) | 0.145*** (0.0225) |
| Household size | 0.0153*** (0.00524) | 0.0151*** (0.00518) | 0.0154*** (0.0052) | 0.0341*** (0.00536) | 0.0336*** (0.00542) | 0.0342*** (0.00432) |
| Urban dweller | −0.138*** (0.0619) | −0.133** (0.0600) | −0.138** (0.0611) | −0.277*** (0.0657) | −0.268*** (0.0666) | −0.278*** (0.0394) |
| Islam adherent | −0.297*** (0.0821) | −0.298*** (0.0827) | −0.298*** (0.0820) | −0.0547 (0.0796) | −0.0581 (0.0810) | −0.0569 (0.0438) |
| Traditional adherent | 0.0724 (0.147) | 0.0723 (0.146) | 0.0731 (0.149) | 0.107 (0.196) | 0.107 (0.195) | 0.11 (0.124) |
| Remittance received | 0.0865 (0.0772) | 0.0908 (0.0789) | 0.0873 (0.0778) | −0.0857 (0.0587) | −0.077 (0.0615) | −0.0866 (0.0822) |
| Household head age | 0.00125 (0.00107) | 0.00135 (0.00108) | 0.00129 (0.0011) | 0.003*** (0.0009) | 0.00336*** (0.0009) | 0.00318*** (0.00087) |
| Household head is female | −0.186*** (0.0470) | −0.183*** (0.0464) | −0.184*** (0.0473) | −0.444*** (0.0664) | −0.438*** (0.0654) | −0.442*** (0.0397) |
| Household head education: years | −0.0058* (0.00325) | −0.00483 (0.0033) | −0.00534 (0.00332) | −0.0144*** (0.0032) | −0.0124*** (0.00315) | −0.0139*** (0.00233) |
| Herbicide use | 0.0101 (0.0377) | 0.00845 (0.0386) | 0.0131 (0.0374) | 0.291*** (0.0506) | 0.288*** (0.0498) | 0.298*** (0.0307) |
| Pesticide use | 0.264*** (0.0518) | 0.262*** (0.0519) | 0.264*** (0.0516) | 0.260*** (0.0531) | 0.256*** (0.0524) | 0.261*** (0.0314) |
| Fertiliser use | 0.0297 (0.0339) | 0.0310 (0.0340) | 0.0311 (0.0337) | 0.168*** (0.0349) | 0.171*** (0.0348) | 0.17*** (0.0282) |
| Constant | 2.156*** (0.336) | 2.028*** (0.338) | 2.105*** (0.344) | 9.199*** (0.527) | 8.934*** (0.546) | 9.136*** (0.276) |
| Observations | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 |
| R-squared | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.108 |
| Number of state | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
| Dependent variable: Agricultural productivity (count of the number of crop groups harvested) | Dependent variable: Agricultural productivity (value of agricultural output) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Financial inclusion (ACCESS) | 0.0678*** (0.0251) | 0.139*** (0.0425) | ||||
| Financial inclusion (SAVE) | 0.0993** (0.0424) | 0.202*** (0.066) | ||||
| Financial inclusion (BORROW) | 0.0442 (0.0271) | 0.115*** (0.0318) | ||||
| Household net worth | 0.0244*** (0.008) | 0.0266*** (0.00821) | 0.0234*** (0.00819) | 0.0003 (0.00966) | 0.00475 (0.00976) | −0.0022 (0.00694) |
| Household consumption | −0.0127 (0.0255) | −0.00428 (0.0261) | −0.00734 (0.0261) | 0.138*** (0.0443) | 0.156*** (0.0455) | 0.145*** (0.0225) |
| Household size | 0.0153*** (0.00524) | 0.0151*** (0.00518) | 0.0154*** (0.0052) | 0.0341*** (0.00536) | 0.0336*** (0.00542) | 0.0342*** (0.00432) |
| Urban dweller | −0.138*** (0.0619) | −0.133** (0.0600) | −0.138** (0.0611) | −0.277*** (0.0657) | −0.268*** (0.0666) | −0.278*** (0.0394) |
| Islam adherent | −0.297*** (0.0821) | −0.298*** (0.0827) | −0.298*** (0.0820) | −0.0547 (0.0796) | −0.0581 (0.0810) | −0.0569 (0.0438) |
| Traditional adherent | 0.0724 (0.147) | 0.0723 (0.146) | 0.0731 (0.149) | 0.107 (0.196) | 0.107 (0.195) | 0.11 (0.124) |
| Remittance received | 0.0865 (0.0772) | 0.0908 (0.0789) | 0.0873 (0.0778) | −0.0857 (0.0587) | −0.077 (0.0615) | −0.0866 (0.0822) |
| Household head age | 0.00125 (0.00107) | 0.00135 (0.00108) | 0.00129 (0.0011) | 0.003*** (0.0009) | 0.00336*** (0.0009) | 0.00318*** (0.00087) |
| Household head is female | −0.186*** (0.0470) | −0.183*** (0.0464) | −0.184*** (0.0473) | −0.444*** (0.0664) | −0.438*** (0.0654) | −0.442*** (0.0397) |
| Household head education: years | −0.0058* (0.00325) | −0.00483 (0.0033) | −0.00534 (0.00332) | −0.0144*** (0.0032) | −0.0124*** (0.00315) | −0.0139*** (0.00233) |
| Herbicide use | 0.0101 (0.0377) | 0.00845 (0.0386) | 0.0131 (0.0374) | 0.291*** (0.0506) | 0.288*** (0.0498) | 0.298*** (0.0307) |
| Pesticide use | 0.264*** (0.0518) | 0.262*** (0.0519) | 0.264*** (0.0516) | 0.260*** (0.0531) | 0.256*** (0.0524) | 0.261*** (0.0314) |
| Fertiliser use | 0.0297 (0.0339) | 0.0310 (0.0340) | 0.0311 (0.0337) | 0.168*** (0.0349) | 0.171*** (0.0348) | 0.17*** (0.0282) |
| Constant | 2.156*** (0.336) | 2.028*** (0.338) | 2.105*** (0.344) | 9.199*** (0.527) | 8.934*** (0.546) | 9.136*** (0.276) |
| Observations | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 | 6,906 |
| 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.108 | |
| Number of state | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Note(s): Robust standard errors in parentheses, *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
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