Table 2

ARDL bounds testing results for cointegration

Dependent variableFunctionF- test statistic
Model 1F(lnGDP|lnPOP,lnS,lnEC)4.7582c
Model 2F(lnPOP|lnGDP,lnEC,lnS)86.4432a
Model 3F(lnEC|lnGDP,lnPOP,lnS)4.9653c
Model 4F(lnS|lnGDP,lnPOP,lnEC)5.9524b
 Asymptotic critical values 
1%5%10%
I (0) I (1)I (0) I (1)I (0) I (1)
5.333 7.0633.710 5.018b3.008 4.150c

Note(s): a, b and c denote significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Source of critical values: Narayan (2005, p. 1900)

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