Table 3 The LSDVC estimates for economic...

Table 3

The LSDVC estimates for economic growth-environmental degradation nexus in SSA

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Variables	LCO_AB	LPM_AB	LFO_AB	LCO_BB	LPM_BB	LFO_BB	LCO_AH	LPM_AH	LFO_AH
L.LED	0.7410***	0.7489***	1.0200***	0.7739***	1.0662***	1.0243***	0.7316***	0.7621***	1.0199***
L.LED	(0.0387)	(0.0576)	(0.0092)	(0.0359)	(0.0411)	(0.0060)	(0.0460)	(0.1253)	(0.8883)
LM	3.0562***	1.1396**	1.9981**	2.1240**	0.9892*	1.6753**	2.9388***	1.0822*	2.0049*
LM	(0.0136)	(0.0017)	(0.0323)	(0.0140)	(0.0659)	(0.0142)	(0.0112)	(0.0179)	(0.0161)
LM²	0.0516	−0.0790*	−0.1408**	0.0202	−0.0683***	−0.1182*	0.0838	−0.0788*	−0.1315**
LM²	(0.2708)	(0.0028)	(0.0093)	(0.2513)	(0.0029)	(0.0046)	(0.3704)	(0.0029)	(0.0063)
KL	−0.0321	−0.0210*	0.2181***	−0.0313	−0.0186	0.0626**	−0.0128	−0.192	0.0316
KL	(0.0486)	(0.0170)	(0.0407)	(0.0442)	(0.0191)	(0.0315)	(0.0561)	(0.0199)	(0.0331)
TI	0.0051	−0.0009	−0.0014*	0.0053	0.0004	−0.0017*	0.0004	−0.0017	0.0006
TI	(0.0083)	(0.0028)	(0.0005)	(0.0078)	(0.0048)	(0.0005)	(0.0017)	(0.0045)	(0.0005)
LTIM	0.4155***	0.0302	0.0145	0.4228***	0.0205	0.0133	0.1610	0.0382	0.0132
LTIM	(0.1272)	(0.0449)	(0.0148)	(0.1253)	(0.1071)	(0.0136)	(0.1848)	(0.0905)	(0.0134)
TIKL	0.4140***	−0.0324	0.0073	0.1209	−0.0248	0.0069	0.4354**	−0.0417	0.0073
TIKL	(0.1267)	(0.0451)	(0.0067)	(0.1242)	(0.1097)	(0.0065)	(0.1895)	(0.0838)	(0.6560)
LFDI	0.0035	0.0094**	−0.0015**	0.0037	0.0091*	−0.0026***	0.0037	0.0026	−0.0032*
LFDI	(0.0065)	(0.0022)	(0.0004)	(0.0062)	(0.0027)	(0.0008)	(0.0085)	(0.0029)	(0.0009)
LEU	0.1311**	0.0233*	0.0059***	0.1434**	0.0210**	0.0059***	0.1113*	0.0259	0.0025
LEU	(0.0666)	(0.0131)	(0.0014)	(0.0654)	(0.0159)	(0.0013)	(0.0855)	(0.0473)	(0.0025)
KPR	0.0031	−0.0028	−0.0267**	0.0041	−0.0107	−0.0201*	0.0046	−0.0054	−0.0235
KPR	(0.0354)	(0.0116)	(0.0191)	(0.0331)	(0.0143)	(0.0193)	(0.0469)	(0.0148)	(0.0275)
YDs	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
OBS	998	998	998	998	998	998	998	998	998
C_ID	41	41	41	41	41	41	41	41	41

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Variables	LCO_AB	LPM_AB	LFO_AB	LCO_BB	LPM_BB	LFO_BB	LCO_AH	LPM_AH	LFO_AH
L.LED	0.7410***	0.7489***	1.0200***	0.7739***	1.0662***	1.0243***	0.7316***	0.7621***	1.0199***
L.LED	(0.0387)	(0.0576)	(0.0092)	(0.0359)	(0.0411)	(0.0060)	(0.0460)	(0.1253)	(0.8883)
LM	3.0562***	1.1396**	1.9981**	2.1240**	0.9892*	1.6753**	2.9388***	1.0822*	2.0049*
LM	(0.0136)	(0.0017)	(0.0323)	(0.0140)	(0.0659)	(0.0142)	(0.0112)	(0.0179)	(0.0161)
LM²	0.0516	−0.0790*	−0.1408**	0.0202	−0.0683***	−0.1182*	0.0838	−0.0788*	−0.1315**
LM²	(0.2708)	(0.0028)	(0.0093)	(0.2513)	(0.0029)	(0.0046)	(0.3704)	(0.0029)	(0.0063)
KL	−0.0321	−0.0210*	0.2181***	−0.0313	−0.0186	0.0626**	−0.0128	−0.192	0.0316
KL	(0.0486)	(0.0170)	(0.0407)	(0.0442)	(0.0191)	(0.0315)	(0.0561)	(0.0199)	(0.0331)
TI	0.0051	−0.0009	−0.0014*	0.0053	0.0004	−0.0017*	0.0004	−0.0017	0.0006
TI	(0.0083)	(0.0028)	(0.0005)	(0.0078)	(0.0048)	(0.0005)	(0.0017)	(0.0045)	(0.0005)
LTIM	0.4155***	0.0302	0.0145	0.4228***	0.0205	0.0133	0.1610	0.0382	0.0132
LTIM	(0.1272)	(0.0449)	(0.0148)	(0.1253)	(0.1071)	(0.0136)	(0.1848)	(0.0905)	(0.0134)
TIKL	0.4140***	−0.0324	0.0073	0.1209	−0.0248	0.0069	0.4354**	−0.0417	0.0073
TIKL	(0.1267)	(0.0451)	(0.0067)	(0.1242)	(0.1097)	(0.0065)	(0.1895)	(0.0838)	(0.6560)
LFDI	0.0035	0.0094**	−0.0015**	0.0037	0.0091*	−0.0026***	0.0037	0.0026	−0.0032*
LFDI	(0.0065)	(0.0022)	(0.0004)	(0.0062)	(0.0027)	(0.0008)	(0.0085)	(0.0029)	(0.0009)
LEU	0.1311**	0.0233*	0.0059***	0.1434**	0.0210**	0.0059***	0.1113*	0.0259	0.0025
LEU	(0.0666)	(0.0131)	(0.0014)	(0.0654)	(0.0159)	(0.0013)	(0.0855)	(0.0473)	(0.0025)
KPR	0.0031	−0.0028	−0.0267**	0.0041	−0.0107	−0.0201*	0.0046	−0.0054	−0.0235
KPR	(0.0354)	(0.0116)	(0.0191)	(0.0331)	(0.0143)	(0.0193)	(0.0469)	(0.0148)	(0.0275)
YDs	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
OBS	998	998	998	998	998	998	998	998	998
C_ID	41	41	41	41	41	41	41	41	41

Note(s): For ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1, standard errors in parentheses. The LSDVC initialised by Arellano and Bond (1991) (AB), Blundell and Bond (1998) (BB), and Anderson and Hsiao (1982) AH consistent estimators and the standard errors are bootstrapped with 200 iterations. L.LED is the lagged dependent variable, YDs represents the year dummies, OBS is the number of observations and C_ID is the number of countries used

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