Table 1 Estimation results Variable...

Table 1

Estimation results

Variable	Coefficient
	(Standard error)
	$g_{y} = 2; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 1$	$g_{y} = 1; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 1$	$g_{y} = 1; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 2$
Outputs
SALIC	−0.17395	−0.28888	−0.24108
	(0.0137)**	(0.0247)**	(0.0205)**
SO₂	0.01217	0.02058	0.02410
	(0.0042)**	(0.0070)**	(0.0055)**
CO₂	0.08624	0.19067	0.17353
	(0.0076)**	(0.0115)**	(0.0084)**
NO_X	−0.01963	−0.03015	−0.01815
	(0.0053)**	(0.0089)**	(0.0071)**
${({S O}_{2})}^{2}$	−0.00204	−0.00867	−0.01336
	(0.0041)	(0.0068)	(0.0054)**
${({C O}_{2})}^{2}$	0.21482	0.24697	0.07436
	(0.0203)**	(0.0235)**	(0.01284)**
${({N O}_{X})}^{2}$	0.00130	−0.00885	−0.01441
	(0.0047)	(0.0079)	(0.0063)**
SALR × SALIC	−0.13293	−0.13108	−0.04378
	(0.0143)**	(0.0283)**	(0.0249)*
SALIC × SO₂	0.02414	0.03557	0.02678
	(0.0074)**	(0.0127)**	(0.0104)**
SALIC × CO₂	−0.01422	−0.01168	−0.00274
	(0.0125)	(0.0189)	(0.0143)
SALIC × NO_X	0.01536	0.02051	0.01526
	(0.0073)**	(0.0128)	(0.0109)
SO₂ × CO₂	−0.02352	−0.02773	−0.00232
	(0.0077)**	(0.0096)**	(0.0056)
SO₂ × NO_X	−0.00361	−0.00484	−0.00402
	(0.0048)	(0.0080)	(0.0063)
CO₂ × NO_X	−0.01630	−0.01573	0.00267
	(0.0094)*	(0.0118)	(0.0078)
Inputs
FUEL	−0.03130	−0.07959	−0.08270
	(0.0082)**	(0.0133)**	(0.0102)**
LABOR	−0.01391	−0.02657	−0.02402
	(0.0041)**	(0.0069)**	(0.0055)**
CAPITAL	0.00895	0.01799	0.01385
	(0.0039)**	(0.0066)**	(0.0052)**
KSO2	0.01629	0.01393	0.00346
	(0.0102)	(0.0171)	(0.0136)
KNOX	−0.00563	−0.00888	−0.00108
	(0.0042)	(0.0070)	(0.0056)
KTSP	0.05820	0.10042	0.06261
	(0.0259)**	(0.0438)**	(0.0355)*
FUEL²	0.08597	0.11243	0.05370
	(0.0150)**	(0.0227)**	(0.0165)**
LABOR²	−0.00172	0.00170	0.00230
	(0.0031)	(0.0054)	(0.0043)
CAPITAL²	−0.00723	−0.02098	−0.01951
	(0.0040)*	(0.0068)**	(0.0054)**
(KSO2)²	−0.00707	−0.01450	−0.01518
	(0.0064)	(0.0108)	(0.0086)*
KNOX²	0.02496	0.04114	0.02792
	(0.0045)**	(0.0076)**	(0.0060)**
KTSP²	−0.01195	−0.01731	−0.01179
	(0.0093)	(0.0156)	(0.0124)
FUEL × LABOR	0.01077	0.01459	0.00289
	(0.0055)*	(0.0082)*	(0.0058)
FUEL × CAPITAL	0.03782	0.04417	0.02509
	(0.0063)**	(0.0089)**	(0.0063)**
FUEL × KSO2	0.02933	0.03543	0.01712
	(0.0079)**	(0.0125)**	(0.0090)*
FUEL × KNOX	0.01737	0.02196	0.00102
	(0.0078)**	(0.0112)**	(0.0074)
FUEL × KTSP	0.02974	0.02598	0.00303
	(0.0084)**	(0.0138)*	(0.0106)
LABOR × CAPITAL	0.00024	−0.00641	−0.01090
	(0.0029)	(0.0049)	(0.0039)**
LABOR × KSO2	0.02324	0.03663	0.02089
	(0.0040)**	(0.0066)**	(0.0053)**
LABOR × KNOX	0.00027	0.00236	0.00217
	(0.0020)	(0.0035)	(0.0029)
LABOR × KTSP	0.01078	0.00938	0.00191
	(0.0027)**	(0.0046)**	(0.0037)
CAPITAL × KSO2	0.00838	0.01419	0.01436
	(0.0035)**	(0.0059)**	(0.0047)**
CAPITAL × KNOX	−0.00671	−0.01021	−0.00505
	(0.0027)**	(0.0046)**	(0.0037)
CAPITAL × KTSP	0.00210	−0.00110	−0.00065
	(0.0036)	(0.0060)	(0.0048)
KNOX × KTSP	0.00844	0.01349	0.00285
	(0.0047)*	(0.0082)*	(0.0067)
KNOX × KSO2	−0.01303	−0.02053	−0.01567
	(0.0023)**	(0.0039)**	(0.0032)**
KTSP × KSO2	−0.00039	0.00470	0.00877
	(0.0045)	(0.0074)	(0.0059)
Interaction terms among inputs and outputs
FUEL × SALIC	−0.01399	0.00513	0.00193
	(0.0141)	(0.0214)	(0.0154)
FUEL × SO₂	0.03721	0.06938	0.05167
	(0.0098)**	(0.0144)**	(0.0098)**
FUEL × CO₂	−0.16882	−0.24292	−0.12721
	(0.0157)**	(0.0207)**	(0.01313)**
FUEL × NO_X	0.01857	0.03780	0.02536
	(0.0129)	(0.0183)**	(0.0123)**
LABOR × SALIC	0.00786	0.01629	0.01560
	(0.0056)	(0.0096)*	(0.0079)*
LABOR × SO₂	−0.00364	−0.01315	−0.01623
	(0.0029)	(0.0049)**	(0.0039)**
LABOR × CO₂	−0.00923	−0.00173	0.01360
	(0.0059)	(0.0083)	(0.0058)**
LABOR × NO_X	−0.00320	−0.00412	−0.00142
	(0.0036)	(0.0061)	(0.0049)
CAPITAL × SALIC	−0.02481	0.00539	−0.04658
	(0.0048)**	(0.0081)**	(0.0066)**
CAPITAL × SO₂	−0.00481	−0.00929	−0.01209
	(0.0036)	(0.0060)	(0.0048)**
CAPITAL × CO₂	−0.01031	0.00061	0.00669
	(0.0052)**	(0.0075)	(0.0057)
CAPITAL × NO_X	−0.00372	0.00368	0.00742
	(0.0038)	(0.0064)	(0.0050)
KSO2 × SALIC	−0.04275	−0.04927	−0.02403
	(0.0086)**	(0.0147)**	(0.0123)**
KSO2 × SO₂	−0.00105	−0.00229	−0.00256
	(0.0022)	(0.0037)	(0.0030)
KSO2 × CO₂	−0.01287	−0.00954	0.00213
	(0.0056)**	(0.0074)	(0.0045)
KSO2 × NO_X	−0.00302	−0.00705	−0.00840
	(0.0030)	(0.0051)	(0.0041)**
KNOX × SALIC	0.00525	0.00536	0.00525
	(0.0047)	(0.0084)	(0.0070)
KNOX × SO₂	0.00544	0.00766	0.00272
	(0.0032)*	(0.0054)	(0.0043)
KNOX × CO₂	−0.02991	−0.03509	−0.00986
	(0.0065)**	(0.0084)**	(0.0054)*
KNOX × NO_X	0.00650	0.00353	−0.00056
	(0.0032)**	(0.0054)	(0.0044)
KTSP × SALIC	0.00033	−0.02045	−0.00938
	(0.0131)	(0.0226)	(0.0190)
KTSP × SO₂	−0.00770	0.00395	0.01697
	(0.0061)	(0.0100)	(0.0075)**
KTSP × CO₂	−0.00842	−0.01448	−0.01381
	(0.0062)	(0.0096)	(0.0072)*
KTSP × NO_X	−0.00205	−0.00150	0.00037
	(0.0037)	(0.0064)	(0.0051)
Time
TIME	0.00577	0.01021	0.00814
	(0.0003)**	(0.0006)**	(0.0005)**
Industry restructuring
RE	−0.01535	−0.02371	−0.01987
	(0.0043)**	(0.0072)**	(0.0058)**
RE × KNOX	−0.00933	−0.01998	−0.01660
	(0.0040)**	(0.0067)**	(0.0053)**
RE × KTSP	0.00567	0.01442	0.01470
	(0.0051)	(0.0086)*	(0.0069)**
RE × KSO2	0.00798	0.02110	0.01868
	(0.0045)*	(0.0074)**	(0.0059)**

Variable	Coefficient
	(Standard error)
	$g_{y} = 2; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 1$	$g_{y} = 1; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 1$	$g_{y} = 1; - g_{\tilde{y}} = - 2$
Outputs
SALIC	−0.17395	−0.28888	−0.24108
	(0.0137)**	(0.0247)**	(0.0205)**
SO₂	0.01217	0.02058	0.02410
	(0.0042)**	(0.0070)**	(0.0055)**
CO₂	0.08624	0.19067	0.17353
	(0.0076)**	(0.0115)**	(0.0084)**
NO_X	−0.01963	−0.03015	−0.01815
	(0.0053)**	(0.0089)**	(0.0071)**
${({S O}_{2})}^{2}$	−0.00204	−0.00867	−0.01336
	(0.0041)	(0.0068)	(0.0054)**
${({C O}_{2})}^{2}$	0.21482	0.24697	0.07436
	(0.0203)**	(0.0235)**	(0.01284)**
${({N O}_{X})}^{2}$	0.00130	−0.00885	−0.01441
	(0.0047)	(0.0079)	(0.0063)**
SALR × SALIC	−0.13293	−0.13108	−0.04378
	(0.0143)**	(0.0283)**	(0.0249)*
SALIC × SO₂	0.02414	0.03557	0.02678
	(0.0074)**	(0.0127)**	(0.0104)**
SALIC × CO₂	−0.01422	−0.01168	−0.00274
	(0.0125)	(0.0189)	(0.0143)
SALIC × NO_X	0.01536	0.02051	0.01526
	(0.0073)**	(0.0128)	(0.0109)
SO₂ × CO₂	−0.02352	−0.02773	−0.00232
	(0.0077)**	(0.0096)**	(0.0056)
SO₂ × NO_X	−0.00361	−0.00484	−0.00402
	(0.0048)	(0.0080)	(0.0063)
CO₂ × NO_X	−0.01630	−0.01573	0.00267
	(0.0094)*	(0.0118)	(0.0078)
Inputs
FUEL	−0.03130	−0.07959	−0.08270
	(0.0082)**	(0.0133)**	(0.0102)**
LABOR	−0.01391	−0.02657	−0.02402
	(0.0041)**	(0.0069)**	(0.0055)**
CAPITAL	0.00895	0.01799	0.01385
	(0.0039)**	(0.0066)**	(0.0052)**
KSO2	0.01629	0.01393	0.00346
	(0.0102)	(0.0171)	(0.0136)
KNOX	−0.00563	−0.00888	−0.00108
	(0.0042)	(0.0070)	(0.0056)
KTSP	0.05820	0.10042	0.06261
	(0.0259)**	(0.0438)**	(0.0355)*
FUEL²	0.08597	0.11243	0.05370
	(0.0150)**	(0.0227)**	(0.0165)**
LABOR²	−0.00172	0.00170	0.00230
	(0.0031)	(0.0054)	(0.0043)
CAPITAL²	−0.00723	−0.02098	−0.01951
	(0.0040)*	(0.0068)**	(0.0054)**
(KSO2)²	−0.00707	−0.01450	−0.01518
	(0.0064)	(0.0108)	(0.0086)*
KNOX²	0.02496	0.04114	0.02792
	(0.0045)**	(0.0076)**	(0.0060)**
KTSP²	−0.01195	−0.01731	−0.01179
	(0.0093)	(0.0156)	(0.0124)
FUEL × LABOR	0.01077	0.01459	0.00289
	(0.0055)*	(0.0082)*	(0.0058)
FUEL × CAPITAL	0.03782	0.04417	0.02509
	(0.0063)**	(0.0089)**	(0.0063)**
FUEL × KSO2	0.02933	0.03543	0.01712
	(0.0079)**	(0.0125)**	(0.0090)*
FUEL × KNOX	0.01737	0.02196	0.00102
	(0.0078)**	(0.0112)**	(0.0074)
FUEL × KTSP	0.02974	0.02598	0.00303
	(0.0084)**	(0.0138)*	(0.0106)
LABOR × CAPITAL	0.00024	−0.00641	−0.01090
	(0.0029)	(0.0049)	(0.0039)**
LABOR × KSO2	0.02324	0.03663	0.02089
	(0.0040)**	(0.0066)**	(0.0053)**
LABOR × KNOX	0.00027	0.00236	0.00217
	(0.0020)	(0.0035)	(0.0029)
LABOR × KTSP	0.01078	0.00938	0.00191
	(0.0027)**	(0.0046)**	(0.0037)
CAPITAL × KSO2	0.00838	0.01419	0.01436
	(0.0035)**	(0.0059)**	(0.0047)**
CAPITAL × KNOX	−0.00671	−0.01021	−0.00505
	(0.0027)**	(0.0046)**	(0.0037)
CAPITAL × KTSP	0.00210	−0.00110	−0.00065
	(0.0036)	(0.0060)	(0.0048)
KNOX × KTSP	0.00844	0.01349	0.00285
	(0.0047)*	(0.0082)*	(0.0067)
KNOX × KSO2	−0.01303	−0.02053	−0.01567
	(0.0023)**	(0.0039)**	(0.0032)**
KTSP × KSO2	−0.00039	0.00470	0.00877
	(0.0045)	(0.0074)	(0.0059)
Interaction terms among inputs and outputs
FUEL × SALIC	−0.01399	0.00513	0.00193
	(0.0141)	(0.0214)	(0.0154)
FUEL × SO₂	0.03721	0.06938	0.05167
	(0.0098)**	(0.0144)**	(0.0098)**
FUEL × CO₂	−0.16882	−0.24292	−0.12721
	(0.0157)**	(0.0207)**	(0.01313)**
FUEL × NO_X	0.01857	0.03780	0.02536
	(0.0129)	(0.0183)**	(0.0123)**
LABOR × SALIC	0.00786	0.01629	0.01560
	(0.0056)	(0.0096)*	(0.0079)*
LABOR × SO₂	−0.00364	−0.01315	−0.01623
	(0.0029)	(0.0049)**	(0.0039)**
LABOR × CO₂	−0.00923	−0.00173	0.01360
	(0.0059)	(0.0083)	(0.0058)**
LABOR × NO_X	−0.00320	−0.00412	−0.00142
	(0.0036)	(0.0061)	(0.0049)
CAPITAL × SALIC	−0.02481	0.00539	−0.04658
	(0.0048)**	(0.0081)**	(0.0066)**
CAPITAL × SO₂	−0.00481	−0.00929	−0.01209
	(0.0036)	(0.0060)	(0.0048)**
CAPITAL × CO₂	−0.01031	0.00061	0.00669
	(0.0052)**	(0.0075)	(0.0057)
CAPITAL × NO_X	−0.00372	0.00368	0.00742
	(0.0038)	(0.0064)	(0.0050)
KSO2 × SALIC	−0.04275	−0.04927	−0.02403
	(0.0086)**	(0.0147)**	(0.0123)**
KSO2 × SO₂	−0.00105	−0.00229	−0.00256
	(0.0022)	(0.0037)	(0.0030)
KSO2 × CO₂	−0.01287	−0.00954	0.00213
	(0.0056)**	(0.0074)	(0.0045)
KSO2 × NO_X	−0.00302	−0.00705	−0.00840
	(0.0030)	(0.0051)	(0.0041)**
KNOX × SALIC	0.00525	0.00536	0.00525
	(0.0047)	(0.0084)	(0.0070)
KNOX × SO₂	0.00544	0.00766	0.00272
	(0.0032)*	(0.0054)	(0.0043)
KNOX × CO₂	−0.02991	−0.03509	−0.00986
	(0.0065)**	(0.0084)**	(0.0054)*
KNOX × NO_X	0.00650	0.00353	−0.00056
	(0.0032)**	(0.0054)	(0.0044)
KTSP × SALIC	0.00033	−0.02045	−0.00938
	(0.0131)	(0.0226)	(0.0190)
KTSP × SO₂	−0.00770	0.00395	0.01697
	(0.0061)	(0.0100)	(0.0075)**
KTSP × CO₂	−0.00842	−0.01448	−0.01381
	(0.0062)	(0.0096)	(0.0072)*
KTSP × NO_X	−0.00205	−0.00150	0.00037
	(0.0037)	(0.0064)	(0.0051)
Time
TIME	0.00577	0.01021	0.00814
	(0.0003)**	(0.0006)**	(0.0005)**
Industry restructuring
RE	−0.01535	−0.02371	−0.01987
	(0.0043)**	(0.0072)**	(0.0058)**
RE × KNOX	−0.00933	−0.01998	−0.01660
	(0.0040)**	(0.0067)**	(0.0053)**
RE × KTSP	0.00567	0.01442	0.01470
	(0.0051)	(0.0086)*	(0.0069)**
RE × KSO2	0.00798	0.02110	0.01868
	(0.0045)*	(0.0074)**	(0.0059)**

Note(s): Estimated utility dummies are not reported in this table

** (*) denotes significance at the 0.05 (0.10) level

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