Table 1 Descriptive statistics of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of variables and their definitions

Variable	Definition	Mean	STD	Min	Max
ROA	Pre-tax return on assets	1.293	0.838	−1.527	4.153
ROE	Pre-tax return on equity	13.486	7.965	−21.738	34.936
ESG	ESG combined score	44.337	20.608	1.922	94.500
E	The environmental pillar score	44.321	28.909	0.081	97.538
S	The social pillar score	43.399	23.670	0.959	97.110
G	The governance pillar score	52.817	22.049	1.884	99.376
LA	The ratio of total loans to total assets	62.600	13.903	21.679	89.123
DEPO	The ratio of total deposits to total loans	121.839	33.361	52.303	278.521
NPL	The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans	2.798	4.764	0.060	39.127
CAP	The ratio of total equity to total assets	9.621	3.436	3.342	20.100
LNTA	The natural logarithm of total assets	25.844	3.136	20.757	33.725
OPEN	The banking freedom index	67.546	15.494	20.000	90.000
GDP	The growth rate of GDP	1.711	3.317	−11.149	25.176
INF	The inflation rate	1.791	3.438	−25.958	32.053

Variable	Definition	Mean	STD	Min	Max
ROA	Pre-tax return on assets	1.293	0.838	−1.527	4.153
ROE	Pre-tax return on equity	13.486	7.965	−21.738	34.936
ESG	ESG combined score	44.337	20.608	1.922	94.500
E	The environmental pillar score	44.321	28.909	0.081	97.538
S	The social pillar score	43.399	23.670	0.959	97.110
G	The governance pillar score	52.817	22.049	1.884	99.376
LA	The ratio of total loans to total assets	62.600	13.903	21.679	89.123
DEPO	The ratio of total deposits to total loans	121.839	33.361	52.303	278.521
NPL	The ratio of non-performing loans to total loans	2.798	4.764	0.060	39.127
CAP	The ratio of total equity to total assets	9.621	3.436	3.342	20.100
LNTA	The natural logarithm of total assets	25.844	3.136	20.757	33.725
OPEN	The banking freedom index	67.546	15.494	20.000	90.000
GDP	The growth rate of GDP	1.711	3.317	−11.149	25.176
INF	The inflation rate	1.791	3.438	−25.958	32.053

Note(s): Our bank-specific variables are winsorized at 1st and 99th percentiles to eliminate outliers