Table 2 Descriptive statistics Variable...

Table 2

Descriptive statistics

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Expenditure	1,441	25.93	11.80	6.69	102.25
Public services	1,116	6.44	4.02	1.17	32.08
Economic affairs	1,125	4.59	2.97	0.53	19.11
Social welfare	1,227	10.98	7.05	0.52	31.24
Pre-election	1,441	0.20	0.40	0	1
Election	1,441	0.21	0.41	0	1
Post-election	1,411	0.21	0.41	0	1
Population growth	1,441	1.34	1.23	−1.73	6.05
Median age	1,441	25.32	7.37	13.59	43.53
Unemployment rate	1,441	7.95	5.96	0.52	30.69
Inflation	1,441	10.11	24.01	−2.92	432.79
Government debt	1,441	48.63	33.53	2.95	215.97
GDP growth	1,441	2.89	3.93	−15.04	15.31
Tax revenue	1,441	14.87	5.49	0.04	34.63
Corruption control	1,240	−0.26	0.69	−1.67	1.71
Left-wing	1,111	0.458	0.498	0	1
Democracy	1,335	4.384	5.682	−10	10

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Expenditure	1,441	25.93	11.80	6.69	102.25
Public services	1,116	6.44	4.02	1.17	32.08
Economic affairs	1,125	4.59	2.97	0.53	19.11
Social welfare	1,227	10.98	7.05	0.52	31.24
Pre-election	1,441	0.20	0.40	0	1
Election	1,441	0.21	0.41	0	1
Post-election	1,411	0.21	0.41	0	1
Population growth	1,441	1.34	1.23	−1.73	6.05
Median age	1,441	25.32	7.37	13.59	43.53
Unemployment rate	1,441	7.95	5.96	0.52	30.69
Inflation	1,441	10.11	24.01	−2.92	432.79
Government debt	1,441	48.63	33.53	2.95	215.97
GDP growth	1,441	2.89	3.93	−15.04	15.31
Tax revenue	1,441	14.87	5.49	0.04	34.63
Corruption control	1,240	−0.26	0.69	−1.67	1.71
Left-wing	1,111	0.458	0.498	0	1
Democracy	1,335	4.384	5.682	−10	10

Note(s): Ninety-one countries considered in this study include Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Republic, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, India, Iran, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkiye, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu and Zambia

Source(s): Authors' own work

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