Table 3 Mean comparison of covariates... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Mean comparison of covariates used for the real consumption per capita model

Explanatory variable	2013	2011	Difference	p value
Real consumption per capita	138.12	126.011	11.587	0.0002	***
Land-to-family labor ratio	0.5924	0.6316	−0.039	0.0334	**
Dependency ratio	0.7329	0.6987	0.034	0.0767	*
Participation in off-farm income	0.2472	0.2578	−0.011	0.4224
Sex of the head	0.8111	0.8226	−0.011	0.3273
Age of the head	46.3625	44.7499	1.613	0.0003	***
Head's years of schooling	1.8888	1.8617	0.027	0.7384
Access to credit	0.1788	0.2597	−0.081	0.000	***
Access to irrigation	0.1443	0.1553	−0.011	0.3081
Road quality	0.3079	0.3024	0.006	0.6929
Oxen in tropical livestock units (TLUs)	7.1992	6.3639	0.835	0.000	***
Logarithm of agricultural yield	7.9254	6.8532	1.072	0.000	***
Family size in adult equivalent	4.8731	4.5382	0.335	0.000	***

Explanatory variable	2013	2011	Difference	p value
Real consumption per capita	138.12	126.011	11.587	0.0002	***
Land-to-family labor ratio	0.5924	0.6316	−0.039	0.0334	**
Dependency ratio	0.7329	0.6987	0.034	0.0767	*
Participation in off-farm income	0.2472	0.2578	−0.011	0.4224
Sex of the head	0.8111	0.8226	−0.011	0.3273
Age of the head	46.3625	44.7499	1.613	0.0003	***
Head's years of schooling	1.8888	1.8617	0.027	0.7384
Access to credit	0.1788	0.2597	−0.081	0.000	***
Access to irrigation	0.1443	0.1553	−0.011	0.3081
Road quality	0.3079	0.3024	0.006	0.6929
Oxen in tropical livestock units (TLUs)	7.1992	6.3639	0.835	0.000	***
Logarithm of agricultural yield	7.9254	6.8532	1.072	0.000	***
Family size in adult equivalent	4.8731	4.5382	0.335	0.000	***

Note(s): Level of significance *10%; **5%; ***1%

Source(s): Authors' own work using data from the Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey (ESS)