Table V. Pesaran’s CADF unit root test... | Emerald Publishing

Table V.

Pesaran’s CADF unit root test results for the panel data^a

Urban area	CADF_i		CADF_i
	Levels		First differences
	k = 1	k = 2	k = 1	k = 2
Atlanta – GA	−2.332	−2.898**	−3.540*	−3.187*
Boston – Brockton	−3.149**	−2.441**	−5.869*	−5.233*
Chicago –	−5.427*	−3.782*	−6.190*	−6.190*
Cincinnati – Hamilton	−3.404**	−2.864**	−5.728*	−4.287*
Dallas – Fort Worth	−4.250*	−3.367**	−6.190*	−5.416*
Detroit – Ann Arbor	−3.153**	−3.018**	−5.460*	−4.283*
Houston – Galveston	−4.582*	−4.544*	−5.648*	−4.646*
Kansas City, MO – KS	−4.301*	−4.161*	−4.490*	−3.777*
Los Angeles – Riverside	−6.569*	−3.688*	−6.190*	−5.258*
Milwaukee – Racine	−3.160**	−2.543**	−6.154*	−4.771*
New York – N. New Jersey	−3.336**	−2.549**	−5.697*	−4.282*
Philadelphia – Wilmington	−3.862*	−4.102*	−5.446*	−5.233*
Pittsburgh – Pennsylvania	−3.515*	−2.949*	−5.971*	−3.795*
Portland – Salem	−4.832*	−3.724*	−6.190*	−6.190*
St. Louis – MO	−3.541*	−3.236**	−5.610*	−6.142*
San Francisco – Oakland	−3.035**	−2.441	−6.138*	−5.173*
Seattle – Tacoma	−3.126**	−2.942**	−5.040*	−4.522*

Urban area	CADF_i		CADF_i
	Levels		First differences
	k = 1	k = 2	k = 1	k = 2
Atlanta – GA	−2.332	−2.898**	−3.540*	−3.187*
Boston – Brockton	−3.149**	−2.441**	−5.869*	−5.233*
Chicago –	−5.427*	−3.782*	−6.190*	−6.190*
Cincinnati – Hamilton	−3.404**	−2.864**	−5.728*	−4.287*
Dallas – Fort Worth	−4.250*	−3.367**	−6.190*	−5.416*
Detroit – Ann Arbor	−3.153**	−3.018**	−5.460*	−4.283*
Houston – Galveston	−4.582*	−4.544*	−5.648*	−4.646*
Kansas City, MO – KS	−4.301*	−4.161*	−4.490*	−3.777*
Los Angeles – Riverside	−6.569*	−3.688*	−6.190*	−5.258*
Milwaukee – Racine	−3.160**	−2.543**	−6.154*	−4.771*
New York – N. New Jersey	−3.336**	−2.549**	−5.697*	−4.282*
Philadelphia – Wilmington	−3.862*	−4.102*	−5.446*	−5.233*
Pittsburgh – Pennsylvania	−3.515*	−2.949*	−5.971*	−3.795*
Portland – Salem	−4.832*	−3.724*	−6.190*	−6.190*
St. Louis – MO	−3.541*	−3.236**	−5.610*	−6.142*
San Francisco – Oakland	−3.035**	−2.441	−6.138*	−5.173*
Seattle – Tacoma	−3.126**	−2.942**	−5.040*	−4.522*

Notes:

k = lags;

*

and

**

significant at the 5% and 10% levels, respectively;

^a

With a deterministic trend