Table 6. Results of Granger causality...

Table 6.

Results of Granger causality test

Null hypothesis	F-statistics	Probability	Decision	Causality
Pop does not cause GDP	10.82303	0.012*	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause Pop	0.511188	0.9164		causality
WR does not cause GDP	6.243768	0.1003	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause WR	6.386089	0.0943**		causality
DF does not cause GDP	8.013509	0.0457*	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause DF	2.532164	0.4695		causality
CO₂ does not cause GDP	10.91914	0.0122**	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause CO₂	5.109668	0.1639		causality

Null hypothesis	F-statistics	Probability	Decision	Causality
Pop does not cause GDP	10.82303	0.012*	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause Pop	0.511188	0.9164		causality
WR does not cause GDP	6.243768	0.1003	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause WR	6.386089	0.0943**		causality
DF does not cause GDP	8.013509	0.0457*	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause DF	2.532164	0.4695		causality
CO₂ does not cause GDP	10.91914	0.0122**	Reject H0	Unidirectional
GDP does not cause CO₂	5.109668	0.1639		causality

Note:

Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than 0.05; *signifies the refusal of a null hypothesis at 5% level of significance; **signifies a refusal of a null hypothesis at 10% level of significance

Source: Author’s computation

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