Obtaining χ2 from the actual and expected frequencies of the database
| DIGITO | Actual | Benford | Pobs(d) − Pt(d) | [Pobs(d) − Pt(d)]2 | [Pobs(d) − Pt(d)]2 Pt(d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pobs(d) | Pt(d)* | ||||
| 1 | 566 | 578.88 | −12.88 | 165.91 | 0.29 |
| 2 | 361 | 338.62 | 22.38 | 500.71 | 1.48 |
| 3 | 243 | 240.26 | 2.74 | 7.52 | 0.03 |
| 4 | 202 | 186.36 | 15.64 | 244.67 | 1.31 |
| 5 | 152 | 152.27 | −0.27 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| 6 | 130 | 128.74 | 1.26 | 1.59 | 0.01 |
| 7 | 93 | 111.52 | −18.52 | 342.94 | 3.08 |
| 8 | 93 | 98.37 | −5.37 | 28.80 | 0.29 |
| 9 | 83 | 87.99 | −4.99 | 24.92 | 0.28 |
| Total | 1,923 | 1,923 | Chi Squared (χ2) | 6.77 | |
| DIGITO | Actual | Benford | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 566 | 578.88 | −12.88 | 165.91 | 0.29 |
| 2 | 361 | 338.62 | 22.38 | 500.71 | 1.48 |
| 3 | 243 | 240.26 | 2.74 | 7.52 | 0.03 |
| 4 | 202 | 186.36 | 15.64 | 244.67 | 1.31 |
| 5 | 152 | 152.27 | −0.27 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| 6 | 130 | 128.74 | 1.26 | 1.59 | 0.01 |
| 7 | 93 | 111.52 | −18.52 | 342.94 | 3.08 |
| 8 | 93 | 98.37 | −5.37 | 28.80 | 0.29 |
| 9 | 83 | 87.99 | −4.99 | 24.92 | 0.28 |
| Total | 1,923 | 1,923 | Chi Squared ( | 6.77 | |
Note(s): *Expected frequencies calculation: digit 1 is 578.88 = (1,923 × 0.301) and digit 2 is 338.62 = (1,923 × 0.176)
Source(s): Own elaboration
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.