Table 5

Obtaining χ2 from the actual and expected frequencies of the database

DIGITOActualBenfordPobs(d) − Pt(d)[Pobs(d) − Pt(d)]2[Pobs(d) − Pt(d)]2Pt(d)
Pobs(d)Pt(d)*
1566578.88−12.88165.910.29
2361338.6222.38500.711.48
3243240.262.747.520.03
4202186.3615.64244.671.31
5152152.27−0.270.070.00
6130128.741.261.590.01
793111.52−18.52342.943.08
89398.37−5.3728.800.29
98387.99−4.9924.920.28
Total1,9231,923Chi Squared (χ2)6.77

Note(s): *Expected frequencies calculation: digit 1 is 578.88 = (1,923 × 0.301) and digit 2 is 338.62 = (1,923 × 0.176)

Source(s): Own elaboration

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