Table 6 Actual and Benford's expected... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Actual and Benford's expected frequencies for each module

Dig.	AC		HR		IN		OM		IR		CM		PR		RM
Dig.	Act.	Exp.*	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.
1	22	23.5	94	102.3	21	21.4	12	17.5	23	26.2	254	243.2	114	114.7	26	30.1
2	11	13.7	74	59.9	17	12.5	13	10.2	17	15.3	135	142.3	70	67.1	24	17.6
3	11	9.7	35	42.5	11	8.9	12	7.2	10	10.9	89	100.9	62	47.6	13	12.5
4	6	7.6	38	32.9	6	6.9	2	5.6	10	8.4	89	78.3	39	36.9	12	9.7
5	5	6.2	34	26.9	7	5.6	4	4.6	9	6.9	54	64.0	33	30.2	6	7.9
6	10	5.2	20	22.7	2	4.7	6	3.9	2	5.8	60	54.1	23	25.5	7	6.7
7	4	4.5	16	19.7	3	4.1	5	3.4	5	5.0	39	46.9	14	22.1	7	5.8
8	5	4.0	15	17.4	3	3.6	3	3.0	5	4.5	45	41.4	14	19.5	3	5.1
9	4	3.6	14	15.6	1	3.3	1	2.7	6	4.0	43	37.0	12	17.4	2	4.6
Total	78	78	340	340	71	71	58	58	87	87	808	808	381	381	100	100
χ²	6.09		9.48		6.15		10.98		5.17		8.55		11.34		6.51

Dig.	AC		HR		IN		OM		IR		CM		PR		RM
Dig.	Act.	Exp.*	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.	Act.	Exp.
1	22	23.5	94	102.3	21	21.4	12	17.5	23	26.2	254	243.2	114	114.7	26	30.1
2	11	13.7	74	59.9	17	12.5	13	10.2	17	15.3	135	142.3	70	67.1	24	17.6
3	11	9.7	35	42.5	11	8.9	12	7.2	10	10.9	89	100.9	62	47.6	13	12.5
4	6	7.6	38	32.9	6	6.9	2	5.6	10	8.4	89	78.3	39	36.9	12	9.7
5	5	6.2	34	26.9	7	5.6	4	4.6	9	6.9	54	64.0	33	30.2	6	7.9
6	10	5.2	20	22.7	2	4.7	6	3.9	2	5.8	60	54.1	23	25.5	7	6.7
7	4	4.5	16	19.7	3	4.1	5	3.4	5	5.0	39	46.9	14	22.1	7	5.8
8	5	4.0	15	17.4	3	3.6	3	3.0	5	4.5	45	41.4	14	19.5	3	5.1
9	4	3.6	14	15.6	1	3.3	1	2.7	6	4.0	43	37.0	12	17.4	2	4.6
Total	78	78	340	340	71	71	58	58	87	87	808	808	381	381	100	100
χ²	6.09		9.48		6.15		10.98		5.17		8.55		11.34		6.51

Note(s): *Expected frequencies calculation: for AC module in digit 1 the expected frequency is 23.5 = (78 × 0.301)

Source(s): Own elaboration