Table 5 Non-logistical challenges... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5

Non-logistical challenges identified during disaster relief operations

Categories	Representative quotes
Challenges associated with the growing use of social media	“…Social media players shared the pictures, while they may not be aware of the social, cultural, and previous background on local context across the disaster-prone areas” (11, 17) “Posting video clips and pictures through social media which they did not belong to the Kermanshah earthquake” (4) “It was rumored around social medias, that one affected family did not receive shelter in a village. This led to negative feedback and reputation for the responsible HAs providing shelters, and also escalation of tent's supply in excess of needs” (7, 8) “Posting inaccurate information via social media, burden HAs' cost and effort to react against that news” (4, 29) “social media kept insisting to send help … This led to increased pressure for our teams and employee layoff thus occurred during the response” (27)
Challenges associated with the regulations on the legitimacy and involvement of HAs, and use of social media for HAs	“we still do not know whether HAs and responsible stakeholders based on law, shall be presented their relief operations. For example, INGOs are not allowed to provide their information in social media during their operation in Iran” (30) “Lack of disaster law to rule and train all involved organizations together (between military, government, NGO)” (7) “the challenge is that when and where accurate information by whom shared …. due to government regulations and policies, INGOs were not able to share their needs and operation via their social network” (10) “the Bank account of NGOs with high turnover were blocked by government” (23)
Challenges associated with the interference of new emerging actors	“a lot of new emerging actors including celebrities sent their aid directly. This led to traffic jam and delay on distribution of necessary items” (17) “Direct involvement of new actors and ad hoc groups such as celebrities for the distribution of relief items disrupted supply chain for UBDs, as they were not able to unpack and sort the items according to the needs of affected population” (27) “We faced with direct involvement of involvement of inexpert like actors, soccer players and celebrities and doctors in disaster response areas. They have unclear funding and responsibility. Celebrities act individually and independently with no coordination and collaboration with HAs. These people have no trust to acting organizations, while have presence in disaster response directly and use social media to cover their support. Their attendance thus cause disturbance for other HAs, as they do not have needs assessment and prioritize the needs. I have heard in news, that large amount of financial aid collected by celebrities, while the aid not sent yet to the people (8)

Categories	Representative quotes
Challenges associated with the growing use of social media	“…Social media players shared the pictures, while they may not be aware of the social, cultural, and previous background on local context across the disaster-prone areas” (11, 17)“Posting video clips and pictures through social media which they did not belong to the Kermanshah earthquake” (4)“It was rumored around social medias, that one affected family did not receive shelter in a village. This led to negative feedback and reputation for the responsible HAs providing shelters, and also escalation of tent's supply in excess of needs” (7, 8)“Posting inaccurate information via social media, burden HAs' cost and effort to react against that news” (4, 29)“social media kept insisting to send help … This led to increased pressure for our teams and employee layoff thus occurred during the response” (27)
Challenges associated with the regulations on the legitimacy and involvement of HAs, and use of social media for HAs	“we still do not know whether HAs and responsible stakeholders based on law, shall be presented their relief operations. For example, INGOs are not allowed to provide their information in social media during their operation in Iran” (30)“Lack of disaster law to rule and train all involved organizations together (between military, government, NGO)” (7)“the challenge is that when and where accurate information by whom shared …. due to government regulations and policies, INGOs were not able to share their needs and operation via their social network” (10)“the Bank account of NGOs with high turnover were blocked by government” (23)
Challenges associated with the interference of new emerging actors	“a lot of new emerging actors including celebrities sent their aid directly. This led to traffic jam and delay on distribution of necessary items” (17)“Direct involvement of new actors and ad hoc groups such as celebrities for the distribution of relief items disrupted supply chain for UBDs, as they were not able to unpack and sort the items according to the needs of affected population” (27)“We faced with direct involvement of involvement of inexpert like actors, soccer players and celebrities and doctors in disaster response areas. They have unclear funding and responsibility. Celebrities act individually and independently with no coordination and collaboration with HAs. These people have no trust to acting organizations, while have presence in disaster response directly and use social media to cover their support. Their attendance thus cause disturbance for other HAs, as they do not have needs assessment and prioritize the needs. I have heard in news, that large amount of financial aid collected by celebrities, while the aid not sent yet to the people (8)