Table 1 Main compounding factors related... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Main compounding factors related to the ongoing conflict

Second-order effects	Causal relationships	References
Damage to infrastructure	Lack of basic services Damage to infrastructure, such as Al-Hudaydah port, caused supply chain disruptions affecting public and private services Disruption of power supply and water network, causing water contamination and accumulation of solid and human waste	ACAPS (2019), Chaignat and Monti (2007), Federspiel and Ali (2018)
Economic collapse	Lack of basic commodities Diminished local currency and purchasing power An estimated 50% economic contraction since 2015 81% of Yemenis living below poverty line Low beneficiary purchasing power reduced demand for goods Reduced beneficiary purchasing power reduced supplier purchasing power Price inflation, coupled with reduced purchasing power, increased needs of food, water, medicine and shelter	ACAPS (2020a), Caccavale et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018), WHO (2017)
	Lack of basic commodities Price inflation Inflated transportation and production costs Cost of food basket increased by 94% since 2015 Wholesalers withhold supplies due to highly volatile exchange rates and lack of foreign currency, retailers may not able to restock regularly, adding up the prices Affects usability and feasibility of CVA programs	ACAPS (2020a), Caccavale et al. (2018), Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) (2018), FAO et al. (2018)
	Lack of basic services Increased unemployment rate: Employment and income opportunities diminished since 2016 More than 600,000 jobs estimated to have been lost mainly in agriculture and service sector Health-care workers without pay for more than 10 months, with many leaving their positions	Caccavale et al. (2018), WHO (2017)
Population displacement	Overcrowding Displacement may reduce the amount of clean water available per person 3.6 million internally displaced persons due to the conflict	Caccavale et al. (2018), Chao et al. (2014), UNHCR (2020)
Power cuts and fuel shortages	Lack of basic services and commodities Fuel shortages reduce the possibility of water trucking, while the major cost of water trucking is the price of fuel Most fuel is imported through Al-Hudaydah and Aden ports, while the ports were blocked due to the conflict and road to the main cities were damaged Electricity and water network cuts shut down some of the health and education facilities Fuel scarcity contributed to low level of imports, currency crisis and poor supply of goods into local markets	ACAPS (2019), Caccavale et al. (2018)

Second-order effects	Causal relationships	References
Damage to infrastructure	Lack of basic services Damage to infrastructure, such as Al-Hudaydah port, caused supply chain disruptions affecting public and private services Disruption of power supply and water network, causing water contamination and accumulation of solid and human waste	ACAPS (2019), Chaignat and Monti (2007), Federspiel and Ali (2018)
Economic collapse	Lack of basic commoditiesDiminished local currency and purchasing power An estimated 50% economic contraction since 2015 81% of Yemenis living below poverty line Low beneficiary purchasing power reduced demand for goods Reduced beneficiary purchasing power reduced supplier purchasing power Price inflation, coupled with reduced purchasing power, increased needs of food, water, medicine and shelter	ACAPS (2020a), Caccavale et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018), WHO (2017)
	Lack of basic commoditiesPrice inflation Inflated transportation and production costs Cost of food basket increased by 94% since 2015 Wholesalers withhold supplies due to highly volatile exchange rates and lack of foreign currency, retailers may not able to restock regularly, adding up the prices Affects usability and feasibility of CVA programs	ACAPS (2020a), Caccavale et al. (2018), Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) (2018), FAO et al. (2018)
	Lack of basic servicesIncreased unemployment rate: Employment and income opportunities diminished since 2016 More than 600,000 jobs estimated to have been lost mainly in agriculture and service sector Health-care workers without pay for more than 10 months, with many leaving their positions	Caccavale et al. (2018), WHO (2017)
Population displacement	Overcrowding Displacement may reduce the amount of clean water available per person 3.6 million internally displaced persons due to the conflict	Caccavale et al. (2018), Chao et al. (2014), UNHCR (2020)
Power cuts and fuel shortages	Lack of basic services and commodities Fuel shortages reduce the possibility of water trucking, while the major cost of water trucking is the price of fuel Most fuel is imported through Al-Hudaydah and Aden ports, while the ports were blocked due to the conflict and road to the main cities were damaged Electricity and water network cuts shut down some of the health and education facilities Fuel scarcity contributed to low level of imports, currency crisis and poor supply of goods into local markets	ACAPS (2019), Caccavale et al. (2018)