Table 6 Connecting key consequence... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Connecting key consequence variables to SDGs

Key consequence variables	Causal relationships	SDG indicators	References
Lack of basic commodities	20 million people food insecure and 10 million suffer from extreme levels of hunger 17.8 million people lack access to safe WASH supplies 19.7 million people lack access to adequate health supplies (medicine and vaccines) Lack of availability of fuel affected production systems, including agriculture and supply of safe water supply	1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people 3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe WASH for all services) 3.b.3 Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant basic medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis 6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality	FAO et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018), UNOCHA (2019)
	Fuel continues to be scarcely available Trade through Al-Hudaydah, Yemen's busiest port, is restricted, reducing the supply of basic commodities		UNOCHA (2018)
	Lack of availability of fresh food products in the local markets, leading to poor consumption and hunger		Caccavale et al. (2018)
	Lack of food leads to malnutrition, reducing immunity to disease Due to blockades, lack of health-related basic goods led to lack of preventative care and treatment Lack of clean water drives people, who are often displaced, to find alternative water sources that may be contaminated		Caccavale et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018)
Lack of basic services	Access to basic services such as water, sanitation, health, education, agriculture and veterinary services has been constrained Only 46% of health facilities functional before start of conflict More than 2 million children have no access to schools Schools have been damaged by conflict and airstrikes Lack of funding for teacher's salaries led to teacher strikes More than 600,000 jobs estimated to have been lost, mainly in agriculture and service sector Limited access to financial service providers, especially in remote areas Liquidity issues disrupt availability of physical cash Volatile inflation rate reduces beneficiary purchasing power Insufficient capacity in financial institutions	1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services 3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services 4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies, (b) curricula, (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services 6.2.1 Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP), damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters	UNOCHA (2019)
Lack of basic services			Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) (2018), ACAPS (2020a)
Reliance on informal networks	Informality of retail market in Yemen increased difficulty to establish legal contracts with retailers As financial services and reserves dwindled, government support, including cash assistance via social safety net program for the most vulnerable people has largely collapsed Remittances (electronic cash transfers) from abroad have significantly reduced, partly due to restrictions imposed on transfers to Yemeni banks (CVA) Payment methods are limited and informal, without credit options between main suppliers (importers and milling factories) Lack of mobile banking and digital solutions keeps reliance on physical cash, causing liquidity issues in remote areas	9.a.1 Total official international support development assistance plus other to infrastructure	Caccavale et al. (2018),
			UNOCHA (2019)
			REACH (2019)
Reliance on imports	High dependency on imported food and basic commodities, with more than 90% of staple food and 544,000 metric tons of fuel per month imported In 2018, the government of Yemen adopted Decree 75, which requires companies to finance imports of six basic goods through the central bank		UNOCHA (2019), FAO et al. (2018)

Key consequence variables	Causal relationships	SDG indicators	References
Lack of basic commodities	20 million people food insecure and 10 million suffer from extreme levels of hunger 17.8 million people lack access to safe WASH supplies 19.7 million people lack access to adequate health supplies (medicine and vaccines) Lack of availability of fuel affected production systems, including agriculture and supply of safe water supply	1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe WASH for all services)3.b.3 Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant basic medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality	FAO et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018), UNOCHA (2019)
	Fuel continues to be scarcely available Trade through Al-Hudaydah, Yemen's busiest port, is restricted, reducing the supply of basic commodities		UNOCHA (2018)
	Lack of availability of fresh food products in the local markets, leading to poor consumption and hunger		Caccavale et al. (2018)
	Lack of food leads to malnutrition, reducing immunity to disease Due to blockades, lack of health-related basic goods led to lack of preventative care and treatment Lack of clean water drives people, who are often displaced, to find alternative water sources that may be contaminated		Caccavale et al. (2018), Federspiel and Ali (2018)
Lack of basic services	Access to basic services such as water, sanitation, health, education, agriculture and veterinary services has been constrained Only 46% of health facilities functional before start of conflict More than 2 million children have no access to schools Schools have been damaged by conflict and airstrikes Lack of funding for teacher's salaries led to teacher strikes More than 600,000 jobs estimated to have been lost, mainly in agriculture and service sector Limited access to financial service providers, especially in remote areas Liquidity issues disrupt availability of physical cash Volatile inflation rate reduces beneficiary purchasing power Insufficient capacity in financial institutions	1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies, (b) curricula, (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services6.2.1 Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP), damage to critical infrastructure and number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters	UNOCHA (2019)
Lack of basic services			Cash Learning Partnership (CaLP) (2018), ACAPS (2020a)
Reliance on informal networks	Informality of retail market in Yemen increased difficulty to establish legal contracts with retailers As financial services and reserves dwindled, government support, including cash assistance via social safety net program for the most vulnerable people has largely collapsed Remittances (electronic cash transfers) from abroad have significantly reduced, partly due to restrictions imposed on transfers to Yemeni banks (CVA) Payment methods are limited and informal, without credit options between main suppliers (importers and milling factories) Lack of mobile banking and digital solutions keeps reliance on physical cash, causing liquidity issues in remote areas	9.a.1 Total official international support development assistance plus other to infrastructure	Caccavale et al. (2018),
			UNOCHA (2019)
			REACH (2019)
Reliance on imports	High dependency on imported food and basic commodities, with more than 90% of staple food and 544,000 metric tons of fuel per month imported In 2018, the government of Yemen adopted Decree 75, which requires companies to finance imports of six basic goods through the central bank		UNOCHA (2019), FAO et al. (2018)