Changes in energy and nutrient intake between the baseline and the program completion
| Intervention group (n=29) | Control group (n=30) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | At week 16 | At baseline | At week 16 | |||
| Variables | x̅±SD | x̅±SD | Paired t-test p-value | x̅±SD | x̅±SD | Paired t-test p-value |
| Energy (kcal) | 1,920.5±426.7 | 1,195.6±221.5 | <0.001*** | 1,861.1±429.5 | 1,803.6±406.2 | 0.224 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 64.9±10.1 | 66.1±7.7 | 0.249 | 62.9±11.2 | 60.5±8.6 | 0.127 |
| Protein (%) | 13.8±2.6 | 16.0±3.1 | 0.003** | 13.1±2.1 | 14.1±2.6 | 0.037* |
| Fat (%) | 21.4±9.0 | 17.9±7.3 | 0.016* | 22.1±5.4 | 24.8±6.5 | 0.026* |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 307.8±98.1 | 195.9±47.9 | <0.001*** | 285.8±74.2 | 265.7±56.5 | 0.048* |
| Protein (g) | 62.1±14.1 | 46.5±8.6 | <0.001*** | 59.3±16.7 | 61.6±18.0 | 0.213 |
| Fat (g) | 44.3±16.5 | 24.5±10.9 | <0.001*** | 48.3±19.0 | 52.9±22.4 | 0.174 |
| Fiber (g) | 8.4±8.4 | 7.9±3.7 | 0.265 | 11.3±21.0 | 6.5±3.2 | 0.013* |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 1,081.2±1129.9 | 1,358.5±1625.2 | 0.198 | 1,422.5±1839.4 | 1,977.1±2037.0 | 0.114 |
| Carotene (mg) | 893.8±724.8 | 876.3±540.4 | 0.465 | 900.4±703.0 | 643.0±499.4 | 0.063 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.0±0.4 | 0.7±0.4 | 0.006** | 1.1±0.5 | 1.00±0.5 | 0.171 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.2±0.5 | 1.0±0.4 | 0.055 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.3±0.7 | 0.062 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 94.5±37.9 | 127.3±62.6 | 0.005** | 119.9±59.5 | 111.7±55.7 | 0.227 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2,071.3±925.9 | 1,804.9±596.1 | 0.094 | 1,678.2±625.3 | 1,992.6±1080.6 | 0.116 |
| Potassium (mg) | 734.7±372.4 | 982.6±498.5 | 0.013* | 745.6±367.2 | 692.4±300.5 | 0.259 |
| Calcium (mg) | 330.1±131.2 | 318.5±144.9 | 0.373 | 362.3±125.8 | 363.7±139.0 | 0.481 |
| Intervention group ( | Control group ( | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At baseline | At week 16 | At baseline | At week 16 | |||
| Variables | x̅±SD | x̅±SD | Paired | x̅±SD | x̅±SD | Paired |
| Energy (kcal) | 1,920.5±426.7 | 1,195.6±221.5 | <0.001*** | 1,861.1±429.5 | 1,803.6±406.2 | 0.224 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 64.9±10.1 | 66.1±7.7 | 0.249 | 62.9±11.2 | 60.5±8.6 | 0.127 |
| Protein (%) | 13.8±2.6 | 16.0±3.1 | 0.003** | 13.1±2.1 | 14.1±2.6 | 0.037* |
| Fat (%) | 21.4±9.0 | 17.9±7.3 | 0.016* | 22.1±5.4 | 24.8±6.5 | 0.026* |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 307.8±98.1 | 195.9±47.9 | <0.001*** | 285.8±74.2 | 265.7±56.5 | 0.048* |
| Protein (g) | 62.1±14.1 | 46.5±8.6 | <0.001*** | 59.3±16.7 | 61.6±18.0 | 0.213 |
| Fat (g) | 44.3±16.5 | 24.5±10.9 | <0.001*** | 48.3±19.0 | 52.9±22.4 | 0.174 |
| Fiber (g) | 8.4±8.4 | 7.9±3.7 | 0.265 | 11.3±21.0 | 6.5±3.2 | 0.013* |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 1,081.2±1129.9 | 1,358.5±1625.2 | 0.198 | 1,422.5±1839.4 | 1,977.1±2037.0 | 0.114 |
| Carotene (mg) | 893.8±724.8 | 876.3±540.4 | 0.465 | 900.4±703.0 | 643.0±499.4 | 0.063 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.0±0.4 | 0.7±0.4 | 0.006** | 1.1±0.5 | 1.00±0.5 | 0.171 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.2±0.5 | 1.0±0.4 | 0.055 | 1.4±0.6 | 1.3±0.7 | 0.062 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 94.5±37.9 | 127.3±62.6 | 0.005** | 119.9±59.5 | 111.7±55.7 | 0.227 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2,071.3±925.9 | 1,804.9±596.1 | 0.094 | 1,678.2±625.3 | 1,992.6±1080.6 | 0.116 |
| Potassium (mg) | 734.7±372.4 | 982.6±498.5 | 0.013* | 745.6±367.2 | 692.4±300.5 | 0.259 |
| Calcium (mg) | 330.1±131.2 | 318.5±144.9 | 0.373 | 362.3±125.8 | 363.7±139.0 | 0.481 |
Notes: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
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