Table 2 Gain score from pre- to...

Table 2

Gain score from pre- to post-intervention in both groups and between-group change score

Variables	Treatment group	Gain score (pre to post)	TAU group	Gain score (pre to post)	T	p	Cohen's d
Verbal learning (encoding) trials
AVLT T1	Pre = 5.48 ± 1.69	2.88 ± 2.01	Pre = 5.52 ± 1.50	2.16 ± 1.70	1.37	0.177	0.39
AVLT T1	Post = 8.36 ± 1.91	2.88 ± 2.01	Post = 7.68 ± 1.91	2.16 ± 1.70	1.37	0.177	0.39
AVLT T2	Pre = 7.80 ± 1.85	3.92 ± 2.18	Pre = 8.80 ± 2.20	1.96 ± 1.54	3.67	0.001***	1.04 L
AVLT T2	Post = 11.72 ± 1.77	3.92 ± 2.18	Post = 10.76 ± 1.90	1.96 ± 1.54	3.67	0.001***	1.04 L
AVLT T3	Pre = 9.40 ± 1.73	4.28 ± 1.57	Pre = 10.28 ± 2.32	1.60 ± 1.85	5.53	0.001***	1.56 L
AVLT T3	Post = 13.68 ± 1.38	4.28 ± 1.57	Post = 11.88 ± 1.76	1.60 ± 1.85	5.53	0.001***	1.56 L
AVLT T4	Pre = 9.88 ± 1.88	4.52 ± 1.50	Pre = 11.00 ± 2.25	1.60 ± 1.63	6.58	0.001***	1.86 L
AVLT T4	Post = 14.40 ± 1.04	4.52 ± 1.50	Post = 12.60 ± 1.73	1.60 ± 1.63	6.58	0.001***	1.86 L
AVLT T5	Pre = 10.68 ± 2.01	4.20 ± 1.85	Pre = 11.76 ± 1.98	1.44 ± 1.58	5.67	0.001***	1.60 L
AVLT T5	Post = 14.88 ± 0.44	4.20 ± 1.85	Post = 13.20 ± 1.71	1.44 ± 1.58	5.67	0.001***	1.60 L
AVLT total	Pre = 43.24 ± 7.76	19.80 ± 6.41	Pre = 47.36 ± 9.13	8.76 ± 5.88	6.34	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT total	Post = 63.04 ± 5.45	19.80 ± 6.41	Post = 56.12 ± 7.88	8.76 ± 5.88	6.34	0.001***	1.79 L
Verbal memory (immediate and delayed recall)
AVLT IR	Pre = 8.16 ± 2.79	6.04 ± 2.68	Pre = 9.92 ± 2.83	2.04 ± 1.67	6.32	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT IR	Post = 14.20 ± 1.32	6.04 ± 2.68	Post = 11.96 ± 2.34	2.04 ± 1.67	6.32	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT DR	Pre = 7.52 ± 2.52	6.52 ± 2.22	Pre = 9.36 ± 3.09	2.20 ± 2.12	7.03	0.001***	1.99 L
AVLT DR	Post = 14.04 ± 1.14	6.52 ± 2.22	Post = 11.56 ± 2.55	2.20 ± 2.12	7.03	0.001***	1.99 L
Verbal recognition ability
AVLT hit	Pre = 13.04 ± 2.67	1.92 ± 2.71	Pre = 13.96 ± 1.79	0.64 ± 1.60	2.03	0.049*	0.58
AVLT hit	Post = 14.96 ± 0.20	1.92 ± 2.71	Post = 14.60 ± 0.91	0.64 ± 1.60	2.03	0.049*	0.58
AVLT False alarm	Pre = 1.08 ± 1.29	−1.00 ± 1.26	Pre = 0.92 ± 1.75	−0.40 ± 0.50	−2.22	0.034*	0.63
AVLT False alarm	Post = 0.08 ± 0.28	−1.00 ± 1.26	Post = 0.52 ± 1.53	−0.40 ± 0.50	−2.22	0.034*	0.63
Visuospatial constructive ability
CFT copy	Pre = 33.88 ± 3.26	2.12 ± 3.26	Pre = 34.80 ± 1.35	0.60 ± 1.32	2.16	0.038*	0.61
CFT copy	Post = 36.00 ± 0.00	2.12 ± 3.26	Post = 35.40 ± 1.26	0.60 ± 1.32	2.16	0.038*	0.61
Visual memory
CFT IR	Pre = 12.78 ± 6.80	13.80 ± 5.44	Pre = 14.14 ± 5.91	6.24 ± 4.12	5.54	0.001***	1.57 L
CFT IR	Post = 26.58 ± 5.07	13.80 ± 5.44	Post = 20.38 ± 6.76	6.24 ± 4.12	5.54	0.001***	1.57 L
CFT DR	Pre = 11.62 ± 7.31	14.88 ± 5.26	Pre = 12.82 ± 7.17	6.66 ± 6.53	4.90	0.001***	1.39 L
CFT DR	Post = 26.50 ± 5.93	14.88 ± 5.26	Post = 19.48 ± 7.87	6.66 ± 6.53	4.90	0.001***	1.39 L
QoL
QoL	Pre = 42.76 ± 6.17	13.76 ± 6.57	Pre = 44.16 ± 10.01	6.28 ± 6.99	3.89	0.001***	1.10 L
QoL	Post = 56.52 ± 6.31	13.76 ± 6.57	Post = 50.44 ± 9.36	6.28 ± 6.99	3.89	0.001***	1.10 L

Variables	Treatment group	Gain score (pre to post)	TAU group	Gain score (pre to post)	T	p	Cohen's d
Verbal learning (encoding) trials
AVLT T1	Pre = 5.48 ± 1.69	2.88 ± 2.01	Pre = 5.52 ± 1.50	2.16 ± 1.70	1.37	0.177	0.39
AVLT T1	Post = 8.36 ± 1.91	2.88 ± 2.01	Post = 7.68 ± 1.91	2.16 ± 1.70	1.37	0.177	0.39
AVLT T2	Pre = 7.80 ± 1.85	3.92 ± 2.18	Pre = 8.80 ± 2.20	1.96 ± 1.54	3.67	0.001***	1.04 L
AVLT T2	Post = 11.72 ± 1.77	3.92 ± 2.18	Post = 10.76 ± 1.90	1.96 ± 1.54	3.67	0.001***	1.04 L
AVLT T3	Pre = 9.40 ± 1.73	4.28 ± 1.57	Pre = 10.28 ± 2.32	1.60 ± 1.85	5.53	0.001***	1.56 L
AVLT T3	Post = 13.68 ± 1.38	4.28 ± 1.57	Post = 11.88 ± 1.76	1.60 ± 1.85	5.53	0.001***	1.56 L
AVLT T4	Pre = 9.88 ± 1.88	4.52 ± 1.50	Pre = 11.00 ± 2.25	1.60 ± 1.63	6.58	0.001***	1.86 L
AVLT T4	Post = 14.40 ± 1.04	4.52 ± 1.50	Post = 12.60 ± 1.73	1.60 ± 1.63	6.58	0.001***	1.86 L
AVLT T5	Pre = 10.68 ± 2.01	4.20 ± 1.85	Pre = 11.76 ± 1.98	1.44 ± 1.58	5.67	0.001***	1.60 L
AVLT T5	Post = 14.88 ± 0.44	4.20 ± 1.85	Post = 13.20 ± 1.71	1.44 ± 1.58	5.67	0.001***	1.60 L
AVLT total	Pre = 43.24 ± 7.76	19.80 ± 6.41	Pre = 47.36 ± 9.13	8.76 ± 5.88	6.34	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT total	Post = 63.04 ± 5.45	19.80 ± 6.41	Post = 56.12 ± 7.88	8.76 ± 5.88	6.34	0.001***	1.79 L
Verbal memory (immediate and delayed recall)
AVLT IR	Pre = 8.16 ± 2.79	6.04 ± 2.68	Pre = 9.92 ± 2.83	2.04 ± 1.67	6.32	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT IR	Post = 14.20 ± 1.32	6.04 ± 2.68	Post = 11.96 ± 2.34	2.04 ± 1.67	6.32	0.001***	1.79 L
AVLT DR	Pre = 7.52 ± 2.52	6.52 ± 2.22	Pre = 9.36 ± 3.09	2.20 ± 2.12	7.03	0.001***	1.99 L
AVLT DR	Post = 14.04 ± 1.14	6.52 ± 2.22	Post = 11.56 ± 2.55	2.20 ± 2.12	7.03	0.001***	1.99 L
Verbal recognition ability
AVLT hit	Pre = 13.04 ± 2.67	1.92 ± 2.71	Pre = 13.96 ± 1.79	0.64 ± 1.60	2.03	0.049*	0.58
AVLT hit	Post = 14.96 ± 0.20	1.92 ± 2.71	Post = 14.60 ± 0.91	0.64 ± 1.60	2.03	0.049*	0.58
AVLTFalse alarm	Pre = 1.08 ± 1.29	−1.00 ± 1.26	Pre = 0.92 ± 1.75	−0.40 ± 0.50	−2.22	0.034*	0.63
AVLTFalse alarm	Post = 0.08 ± 0.28	−1.00 ± 1.26	Post = 0.52 ± 1.53	−0.40 ± 0.50	−2.22	0.034*	0.63
Visuospatial constructive ability
CFT copy	Pre = 33.88 ± 3.26	2.12 ± 3.26	Pre = 34.80 ± 1.35	0.60 ± 1.32	2.16	0.038*	0.61
CFT copy	Post = 36.00 ± 0.00	2.12 ± 3.26	Post = 35.40 ± 1.26	0.60 ± 1.32	2.16	0.038*	0.61
Visual memory
CFT IR	Pre = 12.78 ± 6.80	13.80 ± 5.44	Pre = 14.14 ± 5.91	6.24 ± 4.12	5.54	0.001***	1.57 L
CFT IR	Post = 26.58 ± 5.07	13.80 ± 5.44	Post = 20.38 ± 6.76	6.24 ± 4.12	5.54	0.001***	1.57 L
CFT DR	Pre = 11.62 ± 7.31	14.88 ± 5.26	Pre = 12.82 ± 7.17	6.66 ± 6.53	4.90	0.001***	1.39 L
CFT DR	Post = 26.50 ± 5.93	14.88 ± 5.26	Post = 19.48 ± 7.87	6.66 ± 6.53	4.90	0.001***	1.39 L
QoL
QoL	Pre = 42.76 ± 6.17	13.76 ± 6.57	Pre = 44.16 ± 10.01	6.28 ± 6.99	3.89	0.001***	1.10 L
QoL	Post = 56.52 ± 6.31	13.76 ± 6.57	Post = 50.44 ± 9.36	6.28 ± 6.99	3.89	0.001***	1.10 L

Note(s): ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; L - large effect size; AVLT - auditory verbal learning test; T1 - Trial 1; IR - immediate recall; DR - delayed recall; CFT - complex figure test

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