| Project Start | Team creation and training on LM principles | (Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Goals and strategy planning | (Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Furterer, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Preliminary analysis of the current state: Identification of critical areas of the hospital through brainstorming | (Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Critical pathways mapping | Data mining | (Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019) |
| Observation on the field | (Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019) |
| Employees and patients' involvement (surveys/brainstorming/interviews) | (Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Chiarini, 2013; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Verbano and Crema, 2019) |
| Current state mapping | (Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Muda and root cause analysis | Observation on the field | (Arbune et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Nicholas, 2012) |
| Data collection (patient survey) | Alowad et al. (2021) |
| Data mining, process steps measurement | (Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Identification of wastes and root causes | (Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Prioritization of wastes/problems | (Alexander et al., 2020; Cookson et al., 2011; Elamir, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; White et al., 2014) |
| Proposals for improvement | Future state mapping | (Alowad et al., 2021; Bal et al., 2017; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015) |
| Generation of improvement ideas | (Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Implementation | Application of the interventions | (Alexander et al., 2020; Carney et al., 2020; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Development of new projects | (Allaudeen et al., 2017; Kane et al., 2015; Naik et al., 2012; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019) |
| Small cycles of changes | (Arbune et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Mazzocato et al., 2012) |
| Control | Interventions pilot test | Carney et al. (2020) |
| Standard creation | (Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Dickson et al., 2009a; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |
| Standard maintenance | (Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Kane et al., 2015; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019) |
| Target monitoring | (Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020) |