Table 1 Phases and activities of project...

Table 1

Phases and activities of project development

Phase	Activities	Case studies
Project Start	Team creation and training on LM principles	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Goals and strategy planning	(Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Furterer, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Preliminary analysis of the current state: Identification of critical areas of the hospital through brainstorming	(Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
Critical pathways mapping	Data mining	(Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Observation on the field	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Employees and patients' involvement (surveys/brainstorming/interviews)	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Chiarini, 2013; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Current state mapping	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
Muda and root cause analysis	Observation on the field	(Arbune et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Nicholas, 2012)
	Data collection (patient survey)	Alowad et al. (2021)
	Data mining, process steps measurement	(Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Identification of wastes and root causes	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Prioritization of wastes/problems	(Alexander et al., 2020; Cookson et al., 2011; Elamir, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; White et al., 2014)
Proposals for improvement	Future state mapping	(Alowad et al., 2021; Bal et al., 2017; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015)
Proposals for improvement	Generation of improvement ideas	(Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
Implementation	Application of the interventions	(Alexander et al., 2020; Carney et al., 2020; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Development of new projects	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Kane et al., 2015; Naik et al., 2012; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019)
	Small cycles of changes	(Arbune et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Mazzocato et al., 2012)
Control	Interventions pilot test	Carney et al. (2020)
	Standard creation	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Dickson et al., 2009a; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Standard maintenance	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Kane et al., 2015; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019)
	Target monitoring	(Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)

Phase	Activities	Case studies
Project Start	Team creation and training on LM principles	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Goals and strategy planning	(Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Furterer, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Preliminary analysis of the current state: Identification of critical areas of the hospital through brainstorming	(Alexander et al., 2020; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
Critical pathways mapping	Data mining	(Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Observation on the field	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Employees and patients' involvement (surveys/brainstorming/interviews)	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Chiarini, 2013; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Verbano and Crema, 2019)
	Current state mapping	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
Muda and root cause analysis	Observation on the field	(Arbune et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Nicholas, 2012)
	Data collection (patient survey)	Alowad et al. (2021)
	Data mining, process steps measurement	(Bal et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2012; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Identification of wastes and root causes	(Al Owad et al., 2018; Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Prioritization of wastes/problems	(Alexander et al., 2020; Cookson et al., 2011; Elamir, 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; White et al., 2014)
Proposals for improvement	Future state mapping	(Alowad et al., 2021; Bal et al., 2017; Matt et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sanders and Karr, 2015)
Proposals for improvement	Generation of improvement ideas	(Alowad et al., 2021; Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Bal et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Carney et al., 2020; Carter et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Cookson et al., 2011; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Matt et al., 2018; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Nicholas, 2012; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Verbano and Crema, 2019; White et al., 2014; Wolak et al., 2020)
Implementation	Application of the interventions	(Alexander et al., 2020; Carney et al., 2020; Chan et al., 2014; Chiarini, 2013; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Elamir, 2018; Eller, 2009; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Development of new projects	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Kane et al., 2015; Naik et al., 2012; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019)
	Small cycles of changes	(Arbune et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Mazzocato et al., 2012)
Control	Interventions pilot test	Carney et al. (2020)
	Standard creation	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Dickson et al., 2009a; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Improta et al., 2018; Kane et al., 2015; Mazzocato et al., 2012; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)
	Standard maintenance	(Allaudeen et al., 2017; Ben-Tovim et al., 2008; Kane et al., 2015; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Vashi et al., 2019)
	Target monitoring	(Alexander et al., 2020; Allaudeen et al., 2017; Arbune et al., 2017; Dickson et al., 2009a, b; El Sayed et al., 2015; Eller, 2009; Furterer, 2018; Hitti et al., 2017; Improta et al., 2018; Naik et al., 2012; Ng et al., 2010; Rosso and Saurin, 2018; Sánchez et al., 2018; Sanders and Karr, 2015; Verbano and Crema, 2019; Wolak et al., 2020)

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