Table I ANOVA of time pre- and post-PjBL...

Table I

ANOVA of time pre- and post-PjBL by participants' general characteristics (n = 95)

Gerontological nursing competencies	Group	Pretest	Post-test	Group	Time	Group × time
Gerontological nursing competencies	Group	$\bar{X}$ (SD)	$\bar{X}$ (SD)	ANOVA F (p-value)
Total score (scores 42–210)	Gender			0.001 (0.970)	2.829 (0.094)	0.081 (0.776)
	Male	175.14 (25.26)	185.14 (20.87)
	Female	176.78 (19.82)	183.89 (15.81)
	Age (yrs)			1.929 (0.148)	6.388 (0.012)*	1.388 (0.252)
	20–25	177.10 (19.63)	183.43 (16.28)
	26–30	182.60 (20.13)	193.00 (9.19)
	≥31	154.00 (27.51)	185.00 (19.97)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.003 (0.954)	7.582 (0.006)*	2.123 (0.147)
	Yes	178.53 (21.28)	181.96 (15.55)
	No	174.83 (18.93)	185.96 (16.54)
	Income (Baht)			5.470 (0.005)*	2.782 (0.097)	0.219 (0.803)
	3,000–5,000	173.76 (20.21)	179.96 (16.94)
	5,001–10,000	180.13 (19.93)	188.51 (13.17)
	≥10,001	187.50 (10.61)	204.00 (8.49)
	GPA			0.779 (0.507)	4.277 (0.040)*	0.726 (0.538)
	2.01–2.50	179.90 (19.70)	181.00 (20.21)
	2.51–3.00	173.20 (18.89)	183.68 (16.18)
	3.01–3.50	181.09 (20.90)	184.93 (15.61)
	3.51–4.00	173.50 (23.60)	185.88 (13.71)
1. Holistic health promotion (scores 14–70)	Gender			0.024 (0.878)	2.893 (0.091)	0.295 (0.587)
	Male	57.43 (7.52)	61.57 (7.87)
	Female	58.72 (7.11)	60.85 (5.98)
	Age (yrs)			2.647 (0.074)	4.521 (0.035)*	1.638 (0.197)
	20–25	58.74 (6.81)	60.79 (6.13)
	26–30	62.20 (7.56)	63.00 (4.53)
	≥31	49.00 (9.64)	60.67 (8.62)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.005 (0.943)	5.578 (0.019)*	0.778 (0.379)
	Yes	59.09 (8.06)	60.51 (5.66)
	No	58.17 (6.07)	61.29 (6.52)
	Income (Baht)			3.693 (0.027)*	2.817 (0.095)	0.314 (0.731)
	3,000–5,000	57.79 (7.45)	59.72 (6.16)
	5,001–10,000	59.62 (6.70)	62.15 (5.67)
	≥10,001	61.50 (2.12)	68.50 (2.12)
	GPA			0.694 (0.557)	3.09 (0.080)	0.939 (0.423)
	2.01–2.50	59.91 (6.58)	60.18 (8.22)
	2.51–3.00	57.39 (6.51)	61.09 (5.64)
	3.01–3.50	60.34 (7.16)	60.93 (6.20)
	3.51–4.00	56.75 (9.94)	60.75 (5.95)
2. Using empirical evidence (scores 9–45)	Gender			0.000 (0.985)	0.461 (0.498)	0.050 (0.823)
	Male	36.14 (5.49)	37.43 (5.13)
	Female	36.49 (5.60)	37.14 (4.58)
	Age (yrs)			0.160 (0.852)	3.223 (0.074)	1.323 (0.269)
	20–25	36.56 (5.56)	36.95 (4.62)
	26–30	36.60 (5.86)	38.80 (4.32)
	≥31	33.33 (6.51)	40.33 (3.79)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.003 (9.59)	0.865 (0.353)	0.091 (0.763)
	Yes	36.60 (6.16)	37.06 (4.45)
	No	36.33 (4.98)	37.25 (4.77)
	Income (Baht)			4.663 (0.011)*	0.817 (0.367)	0.165 (0.848)
	3,000–5,000	35.50 (5.19)	36.20 (4.88)
	5,001–10,000	37.74 (5.98)	38.28 (3.84)
	≥10,001	37.50 (2.12)	41.00 (5.65)
	GPA			0.495 (0.686)	0.829 (0.364)	1.058 (0.368)
	2.01–2.50	37.00 (5.31)	36.09 (5.89)
	2.51–3.00	35.64 (5.21)	37.16 (4.25)
	3.01–3.50	37.59 (6.22)	37.03 (4.78)
	3.51–4.00	35.75 (5.12)	39.13 (3.94)
3. Empowerment and quality care (scores 11–55)	Gender			0.054 (0.816)	3.314 (0.070)	0.047 (0.829)
	Male	47.00 (7.02)	49.85 (5.40)
	Female	46.98 (5.23)	49.22 (4.67)
	Age (yrs)			3.324 (0.038)*	7.720 (0.006)*	1.308 (0.273)
	20–25	47.14 (5.25)	49.11 (4.71)
	26–30	48.40 (4.72)	52.80 (2.28)
	≥31	40.00 (5.19)	48.00 (6.08)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.125 (0.724)	9.932 (0.002)*	5.415 (0.021)*
	Yes	47.95 (5.28)	48.55 (4.79)
	No	46.02 (5.26)	49.98 (4.53)
	Income (Baht)			5.314 (0.006)*	3.873 (0.051)	0.461 (0.632)
	3,000–5,000	46.26 (5.19)	48.06 (4.67)
	5,001–10,000	47.87 (5.49)	50.69 (4.29)
	≥10,001	49.00 (5.65)	54.50 (0.71)
	GPA			0.785 (0.504)	5.254 (0.023)*	0.069 (0.976)
	2.01–2.50	47.36 (5.63)	48.91 (4.97)
	2.51–3.00	46.36 (5.64)	48.95 (5.03)
	3.01–3.50	47.81 (4.66)	49.89 (4.62)
	3.51–4.00	46.50 (6.28)	48.75 (4.13)
4. Ethical and moral (scores 8–40)	Gender			0.037 (0.848)	3.069 (0.081)	0.027 (0.870)
	Male	34.57 (5.77)	36.29 (4.02)
	Female	34.60 (4.39)	36.67 (3.11)
	Age (yrs)			1.183 (0.309)	5.214 (0.024)*	0.364 (0.695)
	20–25	34.66 (4.41)	36.56 (3.19)
	26–30	35.40 (3.78)	38.40 (1.81)
	≥31	31.67 (7.50)	36.00 (4.00)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.848 (0.358)	13.278 (<0.001)*	3.857 (0.051)
	Yes	34.89 (4.48)	35.83 (3.31)
	No	34.31 (4.47)	37.44 (2.82)
	Income (Baht)			4.093 (0.018)*	1.430 (0.233)	0.278 (0.757)
	3,000–5,000	34.20 (4.56)	35.98 (3.36)
	5,001–10,000	34.89 (4.31)	37.38 (2.67)
	≥10,001	39.50 (0.71)	40.00 (0.00)
	GPA			0.895 (0.445)	6.462 (0.012)*	0.704 (0.551)
	2.01–2.50	35.64 (3.90)	35.82 (3.57)
	2.51–3.00	33.81 (4.71)	36.48 (3.37)
	3.01–3.50	35.34 (4.29)	37.00 (2.88)
	3.51–4.00	34.50 (4.44)	37.25 (2.65)

Gerontological nursing competencies	Group	Pretest	Post-test	Group	Time	Group × time
Gerontological nursing competencies	Group	$\bar{X}$ (SD)	$\bar{X}$ (SD)	ANOVA F (p-value)
Total score (scores 42–210)	Gender			0.001 (0.970)	2.829 (0.094)	0.081 (0.776)
	Male	175.14 (25.26)	185.14 (20.87)
	Female	176.78 (19.82)	183.89 (15.81)
	Age (yrs)			1.929 (0.148)	6.388 (0.012)*	1.388 (0.252)
	20–25	177.10 (19.63)	183.43 (16.28)
	26–30	182.60 (20.13)	193.00 (9.19)
	≥31	154.00 (27.51)	185.00 (19.97)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.003 (0.954)	7.582 (0.006)*	2.123 (0.147)
	Yes	178.53 (21.28)	181.96 (15.55)
	No	174.83 (18.93)	185.96 (16.54)
	Income (Baht)			5.470 (0.005)*	2.782 (0.097)	0.219 (0.803)
	3,000–5,000	173.76 (20.21)	179.96 (16.94)
	5,001–10,000	180.13 (19.93)	188.51 (13.17)
	≥10,001	187.50 (10.61)	204.00 (8.49)
	GPA			0.779 (0.507)	4.277 (0.040)*	0.726 (0.538)
	2.01–2.50	179.90 (19.70)	181.00 (20.21)
	2.51–3.00	173.20 (18.89)	183.68 (16.18)
	3.01–3.50	181.09 (20.90)	184.93 (15.61)
	3.51–4.00	173.50 (23.60)	185.88 (13.71)
1. Holistic health promotion (scores 14–70)	Gender			0.024 (0.878)	2.893 (0.091)	0.295 (0.587)
	Male	57.43 (7.52)	61.57 (7.87)
	Female	58.72 (7.11)	60.85 (5.98)
	Age (yrs)			2.647 (0.074)	4.521 (0.035)*	1.638 (0.197)
	20–25	58.74 (6.81)	60.79 (6.13)
	26–30	62.20 (7.56)	63.00 (4.53)
	≥31	49.00 (9.64)	60.67 (8.62)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.005 (0.943)	5.578 (0.019)*	0.778 (0.379)
	Yes	59.09 (8.06)	60.51 (5.66)
	No	58.17 (6.07)	61.29 (6.52)
	Income (Baht)			3.693 (0.027)*	2.817 (0.095)	0.314 (0.731)
	3,000–5,000	57.79 (7.45)	59.72 (6.16)
	5,001–10,000	59.62 (6.70)	62.15 (5.67)
	≥10,001	61.50 (2.12)	68.50 (2.12)
	GPA			0.694 (0.557)	3.09 (0.080)	0.939 (0.423)
	2.01–2.50	59.91 (6.58)	60.18 (8.22)
	2.51–3.00	57.39 (6.51)	61.09 (5.64)
	3.01–3.50	60.34 (7.16)	60.93 (6.20)
	3.51–4.00	56.75 (9.94)	60.75 (5.95)
2. Using empirical evidence (scores 9–45)	Gender			0.000 (0.985)	0.461 (0.498)	0.050 (0.823)
	Male	36.14 (5.49)	37.43 (5.13)
	Female	36.49 (5.60)	37.14 (4.58)
	Age (yrs)			0.160 (0.852)	3.223 (0.074)	1.323 (0.269)
	20–25	36.56 (5.56)	36.95 (4.62)
	26–30	36.60 (5.86)	38.80 (4.32)
	≥31	33.33 (6.51)	40.33 (3.79)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.003 (9.59)	0.865 (0.353)	0.091 (0.763)
	Yes	36.60 (6.16)	37.06 (4.45)
	No	36.33 (4.98)	37.25 (4.77)
	Income (Baht)			4.663 (0.011)*	0.817 (0.367)	0.165 (0.848)
	3,000–5,000	35.50 (5.19)	36.20 (4.88)
	5,001–10,000	37.74 (5.98)	38.28 (3.84)
	≥10,001	37.50 (2.12)	41.00 (5.65)
	GPA			0.495 (0.686)	0.829 (0.364)	1.058 (0.368)
	2.01–2.50	37.00 (5.31)	36.09 (5.89)
	2.51–3.00	35.64 (5.21)	37.16 (4.25)
	3.01–3.50	37.59 (6.22)	37.03 (4.78)
	3.51–4.00	35.75 (5.12)	39.13 (3.94)
3. Empowerment and quality care (scores 11–55)	Gender			0.054 (0.816)	3.314 (0.070)	0.047 (0.829)
	Male	47.00 (7.02)	49.85 (5.40)
	Female	46.98 (5.23)	49.22 (4.67)
	Age (yrs)			3.324 (0.038)*	7.720 (0.006)*	1.308 (0.273)
	20–25	47.14 (5.25)	49.11 (4.71)
	26–30	48.40 (4.72)	52.80 (2.28)
	≥31	40.00 (5.19)	48.00 (6.08)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.125 (0.724)	9.932 (0.002)*	5.415 (0.021)*
	Yes	47.95 (5.28)	48.55 (4.79)
	No	46.02 (5.26)	49.98 (4.53)
	Income (Baht)			5.314 (0.006)*	3.873 (0.051)	0.461 (0.632)
	3,000–5,000	46.26 (5.19)	48.06 (4.67)
	5,001–10,000	47.87 (5.49)	50.69 (4.29)
	≥10,001	49.00 (5.65)	54.50 (0.71)
	GPA			0.785 (0.504)	5.254 (0.023)*	0.069 (0.976)
	2.01–2.50	47.36 (5.63)	48.91 (4.97)
	2.51–3.00	46.36 (5.64)	48.95 (5.03)
	3.01–3.50	47.81 (4.66)	49.89 (4.62)
	3.51–4.00	46.50 (6.28)	48.75 (4.13)
4. Ethical and moral (scores 8–40)	Gender			0.037 (0.848)	3.069 (0.081)	0.027 (0.870)
	Male	34.57 (5.77)	36.29 (4.02)
	Female	34.60 (4.39)	36.67 (3.11)
	Age (yrs)			1.183 (0.309)	5.214 (0.024)*	0.364 (0.695)
	20–25	34.66 (4.41)	36.56 (3.19)
	26–30	35.40 (3.78)	38.40 (1.81)
	≥31	31.67 (7.50)	36.00 (4.00)
	Experienced in elderly care			0.848 (0.358)	13.278 (<0.001)*	3.857 (0.051)
	Yes	34.89 (4.48)	35.83 (3.31)
	No	34.31 (4.47)	37.44 (2.82)
	Income (Baht)			4.093 (0.018)*	1.430 (0.233)	0.278 (0.757)
	3,000–5,000	34.20 (4.56)	35.98 (3.36)
	5,001–10,000	34.89 (4.31)	37.38 (2.67)
	≥10,001	39.50 (0.71)	40.00 (0.00)
	GPA			0.895 (0.445)	6.462 (0.012)*	0.704 (0.551)
	2.01–2.50	35.64 (3.90)	35.82 (3.57)
	2.51–3.00	33.81 (4.71)	36.48 (3.37)
	3.01–3.50	35.34 (4.29)	37.00 (2.88)
	3.51–4.00	34.50 (4.44)	37.25 (2.65)

Note(s): *Statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test measures

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