Table 2

Odds ratio and its 95% CI of disability and diseases in India 2005–2011; generalized estimating equation (GEE)

Independent variablesHealthy outcome
Disability (9,327)Short-term morbidity (9,119)Long-term morbidity (8,522)Multi-morbidity (8,522)
OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)OR (95% CI)
Age: Young Old®

  • Old-old

1.702£ (1.458–1.986)1.260§ (1.028–1.543)1.229§ (1.050–1.439)1.209 (0.934–1.564)

  • Oldest-old

2.436£ (1.537–3.861)1.033 (0.622–1.717)1.533§ (1.033–2.276)3.232£ (1.630–6.410)
Gender: Male®

  • Female

1.357£ (1.102–1.670)1.099 (0.859–1.405)1.136 (0.947–1.364)1.159 (0.853–1.575)
Residence: Rural®

  • Urban

1.048 (0.885–1.242)0.844* (0.708–1.006)1.084 (0.935–1.256)0.976 (0.777–1.225)
Education: College®

  • Secondary school

0.972 (0.698–1.355)0.915 (0.599–1.396)1.159 (0.814–1.649)1.038 (0.617–1.747)

  • Primary education

1.023 (0.721–1.451)1.033 (0.665–1.603)0.991 (0.686–1.433)1.224 (0.707–2.120)

  • No formal education

1.034 (0.708–1.511)1.364 (0.873–2.132)0.891 (0.615–1.291)0.726 (0.402–1.310)
Marital Status: Currently married®

  • Unmarried

1.058 (0.878–1.276)0.799* (0.623–1.025)0.863 (0.720–1.034)0.863 (0.645–1.154)
Wealth quintile: Richest®

  • Rich

1.146 (0.870–1.510)1.237* (0.964–1.587)0.787§ (0.648–0.955)0.649£ (0.491–0.858)

  • Middle

1.174 (0.861–1.601)1.689£ (1.283–2.222)0.889 (0.713–1.109)0.565£ (0.397–0.802)

  • Poor

1.240 (0.881–1.745)1.949£ (1.446–2.628)0.740§ (0.574–0.953)0.355£ (0.244–0.518)

  • Poorest

1.348 (0.932–1.949)2.052£ (1.463–2.877)0.713§ (0.544–0.935)0.481£ (0.286–0.809)
Religion: Hinduism®

  • Islam

0.401£ (0.245–0.659)1.403 (0.771–2.551)0.915 (0.505–1.658)0.286£ (0.126–0.647)

  • Christianity

0.908 (0.552–1.493)1.128 (0.628–2.026)1.198 (0.633–2.268)0.842 (0.390–1.816)

  • Other religions

0.808 (0.518–1.259)1.153 (0.646–2.057)0.973 (0.574–1.650)0.244£ (0.108–0.548)
Caste: Forward Caste®

  • OBC ® Forward Caste

1.151 (0.960–1.380)0.764§ (0.612–0.952)1.067 (0.895–1.273)1.452£ (1.093–1.927)

  • Scheduled caste

1.071 (0.864–1.327)0.930 (0.703–1.231)1.018 (0.801–1.293)1.024 (0.716–1.463)

  • Scheduled tribe

0.912 (0.675–1.233)0.461£ (0.318–0.669)0.511£ (0.359–0.729)0.719 (0.378–1.366)

  • Others

2.228£ (1.386–3.583)0.528§ (0.296–0.942)1.464 (0.826–2.594)6.217£ (2.804–13.78)
Living arrangement: Joint family®

  • Nuclear family

1.210§ (1.020–1.435)1.720£ (1.370–2.159)1.262§ (1.054–1.511)1.509£ (1.106–2.059)

  • Alone

1.398 (0.902–2.168)4.121£ (2.401–7.074)1.259 (0.744–2.132)2.340* (0.894–6.126)
Smoking status: Never smoke®

  • Smoke sometimes

1.029 (0.694–1.526)0.924 (0.553–1.542)0.949 (0.612–1.471)0.747 (0.349–1.599)

  • Smoke daily

0.862 (0.699–1.062)1.106 (0.835–1.465)0.988 (0.796–1.227)0.918 (0.636–1.324)
Chewing habits: Never chew tobacco/gudkha®

  • Chew bidi/gutka sometime

0.900 (0.621–1.304)1.008 (0.634–1.603)1.421* (0.962–2.099)1.430 (0.747–2.738)

  • Chew tobacco/gutka daily

0.781£ (0.648–0.941)0.915 (0.726–1.153)0.948 (0.778–1.157)0.840 (0.599–1.176)
Alcohol consumption: Never drinks®

  • Drink alcohol sometimes

1.171 (0.837–1.639)0.625§ (0.424–0.922)0.956 (0.677–1.349)0.981 (0.541–1.782)

  • Drink alcohol daily

1.204 (0.778–1.866)0.863 (0.489–1.523)0.729 (0.459–1.158)1.054 (0.486–2.283)
Constant0.283£ (0.202–0.397)0.145£ (0.094–0.222)0.441£ (0.312–0.624)0.095£ (0.057–0.158)

Note(s): ( ) sample size: ® reference group: CI (Confidence Interval): £p < 0.01, §p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

[ViewLarge]
This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal