Table 2 Unadjusted associations between...

Table 2

Unadjusted associations between independent variables and different forms of and any violence

Variables	Physical	Sexual	Psychological	Any violence
(1) Women-related factors
Women's age (yrs) (ref: 15–24 years)
25–34	0.90 (0.52–1.57)	0.75 (0.43–1.33)	1.27 (0.73–2.20)	0.91 (0.60–1.38)
35–44	0.92 (0.57–1.47)	0.75 (0.40–1.42)	1.04 (0.65–1.65)	0.86 (0.59–1.26)
45–54	1.00 (0.60–1.67)	1.16 (0.58–2.34)	1.31 (0.84–2.02)	1.03 (0.72–1.47)
55–64	1.32 (0.76–2.32)	1.08 (0.50–2.36)	1.96 (1.19–3.21)**	1.30 (0.82–2.05)
≥65	0.64 (0.34–1.23)	0.56 (0.24–1.28)	0.61 (0.27–1.37)	0.66 (0.41–1.07)
Women's age when first married (ref: ≥ 18 years)
<18	1.30 (1.03–1.65)*	1.26 (0.86–1.83)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	1.34 (1.12–1.60)**
Women's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.56 (0.93–2.63)	1.32 (0.64–2.68)	1.30 (0.83–2.05)	1.45 (0.97–2.17)
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.39 (0.74–2.60)	1.43 (0.65–3.15)	1.25 (0.67–2.34)	1.40 (0.86–2.26)
Women's employment status (ref: Employed)
Household chores	1.36 (1.09–1.69)**	1.70 (1.10–2.62)*	1.32 (0.87–2.01)	1.44 (1.17–1.77)**
Student and unemployed	0.82 (0.46–1.45)	0.84 (0.39–1.83)	0.80 (0.45–1.43)	0.68 (0.41–1.13)
(2) Husband-related factors
Husband's age (years)(ref: ≤ Wife's age)
1–5	0.91 (0.66–1.25)	1.01 (0.76–1.36)	0.63 (0.48–0.83)**	0.89 (0.67–1.18)
6–10	0.85 (0.68–1.07)	0.94 (0.65–1.36)	0.63 (0.41–0.97)*	0.84 (0.67–1.05)
>10	0.99 (0.77–1.27)	1.27 (0.78–2.06)	0.87 (0.54–1.41)	0.95 (0.76–1.17)
Husband's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.88 (1.32–2.67)**	1.18 (0.67–2.06)	1.12 (0.77–1.64)	1.55 (1.19–2.03)**
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.78 (1.29–2.45)**	1.48 (0.76–2.89)	1.49 (0.98–2.25)	1.56 (1.20–1.04)**
Husband's employment status (ref: Employed)
Unskilled workers	1.44 (1.13–1.84)**	1.67 (1.05–2.70)*	1.72 (1.23–2.40)**	1.58 (1.27–1.98)***
Farmers	1.39 (1.11–1.74)**	0.75 (0.52–1.09)	0.98 (0.68–1.43)	1.22 (1.03–1.45)*
Unemployed	1.05 (0.66–1.65)	0.87 (0.36–2.06)	0.84 (0.44–1.61)	1.06 (0.74–1.53)
Frequency of alcohol use (ref: Never)
Occasionally (times a week)	1.23 (0.81–1.87)	1.29 (0.83–2.01)	1.88 (1.28–2.76)**	1.34 (0.95–1.90)
1–2	2.94 (1.99–4.33)***	1.70 (0.84–3.46)	2.19 (1.55–3.11)***	2.89 (2.07–4.03)***
≥3	4.85 (3.62–6.49)***	4.00 (2.54–6.30)***	6.19 (4.23–9.04)***	4.58 (3.37–6.29)***
Frequency of quarrel with wife (ref: Never)
Rarely	4.74 (3.00–7.47)***	2.27 (1.08–4.74)*	4.18 (1.85–9.46)**	4.01 (2.71–5.92)***
Sometimes and often	13.57 (9.59–19.20)***	5.82 (3.30–10.26)***	19.58 (11.14–34.41)***	12.11 (8.84–16.60)***
Having a relationship with other women (ref: No)
Yes	5.43 (3.76–7.84)***	4.32 (2.19–8.54)***	5.97 (3.89–9.17)***	5.11 (3.56–7.33)***
Don't know	2.06 (1.39–3.04)***	1.59 (0.75–3.36)	1.49 (0.72–3.08)	1.82 (1.27–2.62)**
(3) Household-related factors
Household size (ref: ≤ 4)
5–9	1.16 (0.88–1.55)	1.26 (0.85–1.86)	1.19 (0.86–1.65)	1.15 (0.90–1.47)
≥10	0.31 (0.19–0.50)***	0.50 (0.09–2.69)	0.95 (0.36–2.51)	0.55 (0.34–0.89)*
Wealth index (ref: Richest)
Fourth	1.59 (1.04–2.45)*	0.72 (0.41–1.26)	0.85 (0.45–1.61)	1.39 (0.94–2.04)
Middle	1.48 (1.03–2.14)*	1.19 (0.66–2.15)	1.38 (0.75–2.54)	1.50 (1.07–2.11)*
Second	2.09 (1.43–3.07)***	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	1.44 (0.79–2.64)	1.94 (1.37–2.75)***
Poorest	1.92 (1.33–2.78)**	1.56 (0.94–2.60)	1.39 (0.76–2.53)	1.84 (1.29–2.62)**
Type of residence (ref: Urban)
Rural	1.42 (1.09–1.85)*	1.33 (0.77–2.30)	1.22 (0.76–1.94)	1.39 (1.06–1.83)*
Region (ref: Western)
Central	1.57 (1.12–2.22)*	1.42 (0.88–2.28)	2.08 (1.33–3.25)**	1.79 (1.33–2.42)***
Eastern	1.86 (1.45–2.39)***	1.52 (0.99–2.33)	1.12 (0.72–1.72)	1.91 (1.52–2.40)***

Variables	Physical	Sexual	Psychological	Any violence
(1) Women-related factors
Women's age (yrs) (ref: 15–24 years)
25–34	0.90 (0.52–1.57)	0.75 (0.43–1.33)	1.27 (0.73–2.20)	0.91 (0.60–1.38)
35–44	0.92 (0.57–1.47)	0.75 (0.40–1.42)	1.04 (0.65–1.65)	0.86 (0.59–1.26)
45–54	1.00 (0.60–1.67)	1.16 (0.58–2.34)	1.31 (0.84–2.02)	1.03 (0.72–1.47)
55–64	1.32 (0.76–2.32)	1.08 (0.50–2.36)	1.96 (1.19–3.21)**	1.30 (0.82–2.05)
≥65	0.64 (0.34–1.23)	0.56 (0.24–1.28)	0.61 (0.27–1.37)	0.66 (0.41–1.07)
Women's age when first married (ref: ≥ 18 years)
<18	1.30 (1.03–1.65)*	1.26 (0.86–1.83)	1.14 (0.86–1.52)	1.34 (1.12–1.60)**
Women's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.56 (0.93–2.63)	1.32 (0.64–2.68)	1.30 (0.83–2.05)	1.45 (0.97–2.17)
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.39 (0.74–2.60)	1.43 (0.65–3.15)	1.25 (0.67–2.34)	1.40 (0.86–2.26)
Women's employment status (ref: Employed)
Household chores	1.36 (1.09–1.69)**	1.70 (1.10–2.62)*	1.32 (0.87–2.01)	1.44 (1.17–1.77)**
Student and unemployed	0.82 (0.46–1.45)	0.84 (0.39–1.83)	0.80 (0.45–1.43)	0.68 (0.41–1.13)
(2) Husband-related factors
Husband's age (years)(ref: ≤ Wife's age)
1–5	0.91 (0.66–1.25)	1.01 (0.76–1.36)	0.63 (0.48–0.83)**	0.89 (0.67–1.18)
6–10	0.85 (0.68–1.07)	0.94 (0.65–1.36)	0.63 (0.41–0.97)*	0.84 (0.67–1.05)
>10	0.99 (0.77–1.27)	1.27 (0.78–2.06)	0.87 (0.54–1.41)	0.95 (0.76–1.17)
Husband's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.88 (1.32–2.67)**	1.18 (0.67–2.06)	1.12 (0.77–1.64)	1.55 (1.19–2.03)**
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.78 (1.29–2.45)**	1.48 (0.76–2.89)	1.49 (0.98–2.25)	1.56 (1.20–1.04)**
Husband's employment status (ref: Employed)
Unskilled workers	1.44 (1.13–1.84)**	1.67 (1.05–2.70)*	1.72 (1.23–2.40)**	1.58 (1.27–1.98)***
Farmers	1.39 (1.11–1.74)**	0.75 (0.52–1.09)	0.98 (0.68–1.43)	1.22 (1.03–1.45)*
Unemployed	1.05 (0.66–1.65)	0.87 (0.36–2.06)	0.84 (0.44–1.61)	1.06 (0.74–1.53)
Frequency of alcohol use (ref: Never)
Occasionally (times a week)	1.23 (0.81–1.87)	1.29 (0.83–2.01)	1.88 (1.28–2.76)**	1.34 (0.95–1.90)
1–2	2.94 (1.99–4.33)***	1.70 (0.84–3.46)	2.19 (1.55–3.11)***	2.89 (2.07–4.03)***
≥3	4.85 (3.62–6.49)***	4.00 (2.54–6.30)***	6.19 (4.23–9.04)***	4.58 (3.37–6.29)***
Frequency of quarrel with wife (ref: Never)
Rarely	4.74 (3.00–7.47)***	2.27 (1.08–4.74)*	4.18 (1.85–9.46)**	4.01 (2.71–5.92)***
Sometimes and often	13.57 (9.59–19.20)***	5.82 (3.30–10.26)***	19.58 (11.14–34.41)***	12.11 (8.84–16.60)***
Having a relationship with other women (ref: No)
Yes	5.43 (3.76–7.84)***	4.32 (2.19–8.54)***	5.97 (3.89–9.17)***	5.11 (3.56–7.33)***
Don't know	2.06 (1.39–3.04)***	1.59 (0.75–3.36)	1.49 (0.72–3.08)	1.82 (1.27–2.62)**
(3) Household-related factors
Household size (ref: ≤ 4)
5–9	1.16 (0.88–1.55)	1.26 (0.85–1.86)	1.19 (0.86–1.65)	1.15 (0.90–1.47)
≥10	0.31 (0.19–0.50)***	0.50 (0.09–2.69)	0.95 (0.36–2.51)	0.55 (0.34–0.89)*
Wealth index (ref: Richest)
Fourth	1.59 (1.04–2.45)*	0.72 (0.41–1.26)	0.85 (0.45–1.61)	1.39 (0.94–2.04)
Middle	1.48 (1.03–2.14)*	1.19 (0.66–2.15)	1.38 (0.75–2.54)	1.50 (1.07–2.11)*
Second	2.09 (1.43–3.07)***	1.26 (0.72–2.23)	1.44 (0.79–2.64)	1.94 (1.37–2.75)***
Poorest	1.92 (1.33–2.78)**	1.56 (0.94–2.60)	1.39 (0.76–2.53)	1.84 (1.29–2.62)**
Type of residence (ref: Urban)
Rural	1.42 (1.09–1.85)*	1.33 (0.77–2.30)	1.22 (0.76–1.94)	1.39 (1.06–1.83)*
Region (ref: Western)
Central	1.57 (1.12–2.22)*	1.42 (0.88–2.28)	2.08 (1.33–3.25)**	1.79 (1.33–2.42)***
Eastern	1.86 (1.45–2.39)***	1.52 (0.99–2.33)	1.12 (0.72–1.72)	1.91 (1.52–2.40)***

Note(s): ref: reference group; NFE: non-formal education; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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