Table 3 Adjusted associations between...

Table 3

Adjusted associations between independent variables and different forms of and any violence

Variables	Physical	Sexual	Psychological	Any violence
(1) Women-related factors
Women's age when first married (ref: ≥ 18 years)
<18				1.23 (1.05–1.45)*
Women's employment status (ref: Employed)
Household chores		1.64 (1.08–2.49)*		1.32 (1.08–1.60)**
Student and unemployed		0.80 (0.38–1.70)		0.66 (0.38–1.15)
(2) Husband-related factors
Husband's age (yrs) (ref: ≤ Wife's age)
1–5			0.67 (0.52–0.87)**
6–10			0.67 (0.44–1.01)
>10			0.91 (0.55–1.53)
Husband's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.62 (1.15–2.29)**
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.45 (1.03–2.03)*
Frequency of alcohol use (ref: Never)
Occasionally (times a week)	1.12 (0.74–1.69)	1.20 (0.75–1.90)	1.62 (1.09–2.42)*	1.21 (0.86–1.71)
1–2	2.26 (1.52–3.35)***	1.34 (0.65–2.78)	1.56 (1.09–2.24)*	2.19 (1.55–3.09)***
≥3	2.91 (2.21–3.84)***	2.67 (1.58–4.49)***	3.59 (2.51–5.14)***	2.80 (2.07–3.77)***
Frequency of quarrel with wife (ref: Never)
Rarely	4.50 (2.74–7.40)***	2.20 (1.06–4.57)*	3.89 (1.70–8.92)**	3.83 (2.53–5.82)***
Sometimes and often	10.26 (7.03–14.96)***	4.56 (2.52–8.24)***	14.35 (7.98–25.80)***	9.47 (6.77–13.24)***
Having a relationship with other women (ref: No)
Yes	3.14 (2.41–4.83)***	2.76 (1.35–5.65)**	3.28 (2.12–5.07)***	3.20 (2.31–4.46)***
Don’t know	1.90 (1.31–2.74)**	1.39 (0.67–2.92)	1.29 (0.64–2.59)	1.64 (1.16–2.34)**
(3) Household-related factors
Household size (ref: ≤ 4)
5–9	1.06 (0.78–1.45)			1.08 (0.82–1.43)
≥10	0.29 (0.17–0.47)***			0.52 (0.30–0.91)*
Wealth index (ref: Richest)
Fourth				1.33 (0.86–2.07)
Middle				1.28 (0.85–1.93)
Second				1.51 (1.02–2.21)*
Poorest				1.42 (0.97–2.08)

Variables	Physical	Sexual	Psychological	Any violence
(1) Women-related factors
Women's age when first married (ref: ≥ 18 years)
<18				1.23 (1.05–1.45)*
Women's employment status (ref: Employed)
Household chores		1.64 (1.08–2.49)*		1.32 (1.08–1.60)**
Student and unemployed		0.80 (0.38–1.70)		0.66 (0.38–1.15)
(2) Husband-related factors
Husband's age (yrs) (ref: ≤ Wife's age)
1–5			0.67 (0.52–0.87)**
6–10			0.67 (0.44–1.01)
>10			0.91 (0.55–1.53)
Husband's educational level (ref: High school and above)
No education	1.62 (1.15–2.29)**
Primary/NFE/monastic	1.45 (1.03–2.03)*
Frequency of alcohol use (ref: Never)
Occasionally (times a week)	1.12 (0.74–1.69)	1.20 (0.75–1.90)	1.62 (1.09–2.42)*	1.21 (0.86–1.71)
1–2	2.26 (1.52–3.35)***	1.34 (0.65–2.78)	1.56 (1.09–2.24)*	2.19 (1.55–3.09)***
≥3	2.91 (2.21–3.84)***	2.67 (1.58–4.49)***	3.59 (2.51–5.14)***	2.80 (2.07–3.77)***
Frequency of quarrel with wife (ref: Never)
Rarely	4.50 (2.74–7.40)***	2.20 (1.06–4.57)*	3.89 (1.70–8.92)**	3.83 (2.53–5.82)***
Sometimes and often	10.26 (7.03–14.96)***	4.56 (2.52–8.24)***	14.35 (7.98–25.80)***	9.47 (6.77–13.24)***
Having a relationship with other women (ref: No)
Yes	3.14 (2.41–4.83)***	2.76 (1.35–5.65)**	3.28 (2.12–5.07)***	3.20 (2.31–4.46)***
Don’t know	1.90 (1.31–2.74)**	1.39 (0.67–2.92)	1.29 (0.64–2.59)	1.64 (1.16–2.34)**
(3) Household-related factors
Household size (ref: ≤ 4)
5–9	1.06 (0.78–1.45)			1.08 (0.82–1.43)
≥10	0.29 (0.17–0.47)***			0.52 (0.30–0.91)*
Wealth index (ref: Richest)
Fourth				1.33 (0.86–2.07)
Middle				1.28 (0.85–1.93)
Second				1.51 (1.02–2.21)*
Poorest				1.42 (0.97–2.08)

Note(s): ref: reference group; NFE: non-formal education; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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