Questionnaire development
| Factors | Questionnaires | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Relative advantage | RLA01 – QM IoT can make supply chain more transparent and visualization | Chong and Zhou (2014), Kamble et al. (2019a), Lin et al. (2016) |
| RLA02 – QM IoT can reduce the manpower cost | ||
| RLA03 – QM IoT can improve the operating efficiency, enhance the speed of response and save time | ||
| RLA04 – QM IoT can improve and support service | ||
| RLA05 – QM IoT can improve reliability and delivery of products and services | ||
| RLA06 – QM IoT can improve inventory turnover | ||
| Compatibility | CPT01 – QM IoT can blend in the business flows in my supply chain well | Chong and Zhou (2014), Lin et al. (2016) |
| CPT02 – QM IoT can be compatible with other existing information systems (ERP, WMS, etc.) in my supply chain | ||
| CPT03 – QM IoT can be compatible with the work content in my supply chain | ||
| Complexity | CPX01 – QM IoT system is clear and understandable (Reverse) | Chong and Zhou (2014), Kamble et al. (2019a) |
| CPX02 – It easy to use QM IoT system do what I want them to do (Reverse) | ||
| CPX03 – It is easy to learn and perform tasks using QM IoT system (Reverse) | ||
| CPX04 – Using QM IoT should be easier compared to the conventional practices of managing supply chains. (Reverse) | ||
| Trialability | TRI01 – My firm would like to trial QM IoT before deciding on whether or not to adopt | Karahoca et al. (2018) |
| TRI02 – My firm would like to properly trial QM IoT before deciding on whether or not to adopt | ||
| TRI03 – My firm would have a chance to try QM IoT long enough to see what it can do | ||
| Observability | OBS01 – My firm can easily see other firms using QM IoT in their work | Huang et al. (2020), Liu and Li (2010), Park and Chen (2007) |
| OBS02 – My firm has an opportunity to see other firms using QM IoT | ||
| OBS03 – The benefits of QM IoT on my firm are obvious | ||
| OBS04 – It is easy to find others sharing and discussing the usage of QM IoT with other firms | ||
| OBS05 – My firm has seen the demonstrations and applications of QM IoT | ||
| Perceived risk | PCR01 – My firm's information submitted via QM IoT can be misused | Dinev et al. (2006), Dinev and Hart (2006) |
| PCR02 – My firm's information shared via QM IoT can be made available to others without my knowledge | ||
| PCR03 – My firm's information shared via QM IoT can be inappropriately used | ||
| Privacy concerns | PVC01 – My firm is concerned that the information submitted on the QM IoT can be misused | Dinev et al. (2006) |
| PVC02 – My firm is concerned about submitting information on the QM IoT, because of what others might do with it | ||
| PVC03 – My firm is concerned about submitting information on the QM IoT, because it can be used in a way I did not foresee | ||
| PVC04 – My firm is concerned that my firm's private information can show up on the QM IoT | ||
| Firm size | FMS01 – My firm is large enough to have more willingness to implement QM IoT | Lin et al. (2016) |
| FMS02 – My firm is large enough to have more resources to implement QM IoT | ||
| FMS03 – My firm is large enough to have bigger chance to be successful in implementing QM IoT | ||
| Adaptive capability | ADC01 – Adopting the QM IoT technology will increase hardware equipment cost. (Reverse) | Lin et al. (2016) |
| ADC02 – Adopting the QM IoT technology will increase operating cost and maintenance cost. (Reverse) | ||
| Absorptive capability | ABC01 – Supply chain firm has QM IoT related technical knowledge such as RFID, cloud storage and other IoT-related programs | Chan and Chong (2013), Lin et al. (2016) |
| ABC02 – Supply chain firm has QM IoT technology-related professionals | ||
| ABC03 – My firm is dedicated to ensuring that employees are familiar with QM IoT | ||
| Innovative capability | OIN01 – It would be beneficial for the firm to look for ways to experiment with new technology, such as QM IoT | Lu et al. (2005) |
| OIN02 – Among peers, my firm is usually the first to explore new technologies | ||
| OIN03 – My firm likes to experiment with new technologies, such as QM IoT | ||
| OIN04 – In general, I am hesitant to try out new technologies (Reverse) | ||
| Executive support | EXS01 – Top management actively participates in establishing a vision and formulating strategies for utilizing QM IoT plan | Chan and Chong (2013), Lin et al. (2016) |
| EXS02 – Top management communicates its support (manpower, money, etc.) for the use of QM IoT plan | ||
| EXS03 – Top management is likely to take risk involved in implementing QM IoT plan | ||
| EXS04 – Senior staffs seems encourage employees to plan applying QM IoT in daily work | ||
| Competitor pressure | CPP01 – My firm experiences competitive pressure to implement QM IoT | Chan and Chong (2013), Chong and Zhou (2014), Lin et al. (2016) |
| CPP02 – My firm will have competitive disadvantage if we do not implement QM IoT | ||
| Value chain partner pressure | VCP01 – My firm's suppliers can encourage the implementation of QM IoT | Chan and Chong (2013), Chong and Zhou (2014), Lin et al. (2016) |
| VCP02 – My firm's customers can encourage the implementation of QM IoT | ||
| VCP03 – Incentive from trading partners will encourage us on implementing QM IoT | ||
| VCP04 – If a firm has more bargaining power, it is able to demand its trading partners to implement QM IoT | ||
| Social pressure | SCP01 – Social factors such as culture, trend, other norms affect the adoption of QM IoT technology | Lin et al. (2016) and added by authors from pre-test |
| SCP02 – Legal factors, such as Food Act on the Good Manufacturing Process, encourage my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| SCP03 – Pressure from Non-Governmental Organization, such as from World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, CICOT or GS1 encourages my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| SCP04 – The pressure from trading agreement, such as from World Trade Organization and ASEAN Economic Community encourages my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| Presence of the service provider | SPV01 – Types of available technology (hardware and software) are important to implement QM IoT technology | Added by authors from pre-test |
| SPV02 – Product quality, such as the durability of hardware and reliability of software is important to implement QM IoT technology | ||
| SPV03 – Before and after sales service is important to implement QM IoT technology | ||
| Government support | GSP01 – The Thai Government provides financial support to the development of QM IoT technology | Lin et al. (2016) |
| GSP01 – The Thai Government publishes related policies to strongly support the development of QM IoT technology | ||
| Trust | TST01 – There are good benefit distribution plans or mechanisms between my supply chain firms to realize benefit sharing | Lin et al. (2016) |
| TST02 – There are good risks sharing plans or mechanisms between my supply chain firms | ||
| TST03 – My upstream and downstream supply chain firms help each other to promote the adoption of QM IoT technology | ||
| Information sharing | INF01 – My firm is comfortable sharing our business operation information with trading partners and customers | Chong and Zhou (2014) |
| Attitude | ATT01 – From the firm's perspective, it is desirable to use QM IoT in the supply chain | Kamble et al. (2019a) |
| ATT02 – From the firm's perspective, it will be good for the supply chain to use QM IoT | ||
| ATT03 – Overall, my firm's attitude toward QM IoT is favorable | ||
| ATT04 – The firm's employees will feel happy if the firm implements QM IoT | ||
| Intention to use | AIN01 – Our firm will use QM IoT in the future | Kamble et al. (2019a), Lin et al. (2016) |
| AIN02 – Our firm have a plan to try out QM IoT within the next year | ||
| AIN03 – Predictively, our firm will use QM IoT on a regular basis in the future | ||
| AIN04 – Our firm expects to use QM IoT for supply chain transactions |
| Factors | Questionnaires | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Relative advantage | RLA01 – QM IoT can make supply chain more transparent and visualization | |
| RLA02 – QM IoT can reduce the manpower cost | ||
| RLA03 – QM IoT can improve the operating efficiency, enhance the speed of response and save time | ||
| RLA04 – QM IoT can improve and support service | ||
| RLA05 – QM IoT can improve reliability and delivery of products and services | ||
| RLA06 – QM IoT can improve inventory turnover | ||
| Compatibility | CPT01 – QM IoT can blend in the business flows in my supply chain well | |
| CPT02 – QM IoT can be compatible with other existing information systems (ERP, WMS, etc.) in my supply chain | ||
| CPT03 – QM IoT can be compatible with the work content in my supply chain | ||
| Complexity | CPX01 – QM IoT system is clear and understandable (Reverse) | |
| CPX02 – It easy to use QM IoT system do what I want them to do (Reverse) | ||
| CPX03 – It is easy to learn and perform tasks using QM IoT system (Reverse) | ||
| CPX04 – Using QM IoT should be easier compared to the conventional practices of managing supply chains. (Reverse) | ||
| Trialability | TRI01 – My firm would like to trial QM IoT before deciding on whether or not to adopt | |
| TRI02 – My firm would like to properly trial QM IoT before deciding on whether or not to adopt | ||
| TRI03 – My firm would have a chance to try QM IoT long enough to see what it can do | ||
| Observability | OBS01 – My firm can easily see other firms using QM IoT in their work | |
| OBS02 – My firm has an opportunity to see other firms using QM IoT | ||
| OBS03 – The benefits of QM IoT on my firm are obvious | ||
| OBS04 – It is easy to find others sharing and discussing the usage of QM IoT with other firms | ||
| OBS05 – My firm has seen the demonstrations and applications of QM IoT | ||
| Perceived risk | PCR01 – My firm's information submitted via QM IoT can be misused | |
| PCR02 – My firm's information shared via QM IoT can be made available to others without my knowledge | ||
| PCR03 – My firm's information shared via QM IoT can be inappropriately used | ||
| Privacy concerns | PVC01 – My firm is concerned that the information submitted on the QM IoT can be misused | |
| PVC02 – My firm is concerned about submitting information on the QM IoT, because of what others might do with it | ||
| PVC03 – My firm is concerned about submitting information on the QM IoT, because it can be used in a way I did not foresee | ||
| PVC04 – My firm is concerned that my firm's private information can show up on the QM IoT | ||
| Firm size | FMS01 – My firm is large enough to have more willingness to implement QM IoT | |
| FMS02 – My firm is large enough to have more resources to implement QM IoT | ||
| FMS03 – My firm is large enough to have bigger chance to be successful in implementing QM IoT | ||
| Adaptive capability | ADC01 – Adopting the QM IoT technology will increase hardware equipment cost. (Reverse) | |
| ADC02 – Adopting the QM IoT technology will increase operating cost and maintenance cost. (Reverse) | ||
| Absorptive capability | ABC01 – Supply chain firm has QM IoT related technical knowledge such as RFID, cloud storage and other IoT-related programs | |
| ABC02 – Supply chain firm has QM IoT technology-related professionals | ||
| ABC03 – My firm is dedicated to ensuring that employees are familiar with QM IoT | ||
| Innovative capability | OIN01 – It would be beneficial for the firm to look for ways to experiment with new technology, such as QM IoT | |
| OIN02 – Among peers, my firm is usually the first to explore new technologies | ||
| OIN03 – My firm likes to experiment with new technologies, such as QM IoT | ||
| OIN04 – In general, I am hesitant to try out new technologies (Reverse) | ||
| Executive support | EXS01 – Top management actively participates in establishing a vision and formulating strategies for utilizing QM IoT plan | |
| EXS02 – Top management communicates its support (manpower, money, etc.) for the use of QM IoT plan | ||
| EXS03 – Top management is likely to take risk involved in implementing QM IoT plan | ||
| EXS04 – Senior staffs seems encourage employees to plan applying QM IoT in daily work | ||
| Competitor pressure | CPP01 – My firm experiences competitive pressure to implement QM IoT | |
| CPP02 – My firm will have competitive disadvantage if we do not implement QM IoT | ||
| Value chain partner pressure | VCP01 – My firm's suppliers can encourage the implementation of QM IoT | |
| VCP02 – My firm's customers can encourage the implementation of QM IoT | ||
| VCP03 – Incentive from trading partners will encourage us on implementing QM IoT | ||
| VCP04 – If a firm has more bargaining power, it is able to demand its trading partners to implement QM IoT | ||
| Social pressure | SCP01 – Social factors such as culture, trend, other norms affect the adoption of QM IoT technology | |
| SCP02 – Legal factors, such as Food Act on the Good Manufacturing Process, encourage my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| SCP03 – Pressure from Non-Governmental Organization, such as from World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, CICOT or GS1 encourages my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| SCP04 – The pressure from trading agreement, such as from World Trade Organization and ASEAN Economic Community encourages my firm to implement QM IoT | ||
| Presence of the service provider | SPV01 – Types of available technology (hardware and software) are important to implement QM IoT technology | Added by authors from pre-test |
| SPV02 – Product quality, such as the durability of hardware and reliability of software is important to implement QM IoT technology | ||
| SPV03 – Before and after sales service is important to implement QM IoT technology | ||
| Government support | GSP01 – The Thai Government provides financial support to the development of QM IoT technology | |
| GSP01 – The Thai Government publishes related policies to strongly support the development of QM IoT technology | ||
| Trust | TST01 – There are good benefit distribution plans or mechanisms between my supply chain firms to realize benefit sharing | |
| TST02 – There are good risks sharing plans or mechanisms between my supply chain firms | ||
| TST03 – My upstream and downstream supply chain firms help each other to promote the adoption of QM IoT technology | ||
| Information sharing | INF01 – My firm is comfortable sharing our business operation information with trading partners and customers | |
| Attitude | ATT01 – From the firm's perspective, it is desirable to use QM IoT in the supply chain | |
| ATT02 – From the firm's perspective, it will be good for the supply chain to use QM IoT | ||
| ATT03 – Overall, my firm's attitude toward QM IoT is favorable | ||
| ATT04 – The firm's employees will feel happy if the firm implements QM IoT | ||
| Intention to use | AIN01 – Our firm will use QM IoT in the future | |
| AIN02 – Our firm have a plan to try out QM IoT within the next year | ||
| AIN03 – Predictively, our firm will use QM IoT on a regular basis in the future | ||
| AIN04 – Our firm expects to use QM IoT for supply chain transactions |
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