Table 4

Digital transformation patterns comparison

VariablesSustaining digital transformation patternDisruptive digital transformation pattern
Adopted I4.0 technologiesAdopted Industry 4.0 technologiesNot differentialNot differential
Drivers for I4.0 investmentsIndustry 4.0 target areasSpread in all functionsFocused on machinery and production processes
Industry 4.0 implementation driversVertical and horizontal approach (improve interdepartmental connections)Mainly vertical approach (single department focused)
Expected Industry 4.0 performance improvementQuality, time and flexibilityEfficiency, productivity
Magnitude of I4.0 investmentsIndustry 4.0 investments pay-back timeShort payback timeMedium-long payback time
Industry 4.0 width of interventionMany small and localizedFew complex and extensive
People and I4.0Role and task evolutionEmpowering operators, increasing operators’ contribute and responsibilityEnhancing machines, decreasing operator responsibility on the process
Competences evolutionNot differentialNot differential

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