| Resources | Financial assets and physical infrastructures needed to support innovation development | Rabelo et al. (2015), Oh et al. (2016), Reynolds and Uygun (2018), Walrave et al. (2018), Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) |
| Public policies | Laws, rules and legal policies that regulate the ecosystem environment | Tödtling and Trippl (2005), Rabelo et al. (2015), Oh et al. (2016), Ritala and Almpanopoulou (2017), Reynolds and Uygun (2018), Walrave et al. (2018), Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) |
| Knowledge | Skills, knowledge and capabilities developed and shared inside the ecosystem | Tödtling and Trippl (2005), Ritala et al. (2013), Rabelo et al. (2015), Dedehayir et al. (2018), Pino and Ortega (2018), Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) |
| R&D activities | Research actions and initiatives that trigger innovation in the ecosystem | Dedehayir et al. (2018), Reynolds and Uygun (2018), Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) |
| Culture | Mind-set of both industry and society that supports innovation and problem-solving | Rabelo et al. (2015), Reynolds and Uygun (2018) |
| Interactions | Linkages between different actors, inside and outside the ecosystem, linked to the interdependencies among them | Tödtling and Trippl (2005), Rabelo et al. (2015), Oh et al. (2016), de Vasconcelos Gomes et al. (2018), Reynolds and Uygun (2018), Walrave et al. (2018), Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) |