Table 4

Relationships between WAAM capabilities and GSCM performance

GSCM performance criteriaEconomic/financialOperationalLogisticsMarketing
Sub-criteriaCostQualEfficGreen manufGreen desgGreen logRev logGreen purchCust satisfCoop. w/cust
WAAM production capabilitiesRA: Cost reduction↓         
RA: Improved material usage↓↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ 
SSB: Reduction and simplification of manufacturing steps↓↑↑       
SSB: Elimination of pre-assembly activities↓ ↑↑      
RA: Freedom of design  ↑ ↑ ↓  ↑
RA: Ability to build lightweight products  ↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ 
RA: Ability to optimise products for its function and integrate more functionality into an object↓↑↑↑  ↓  ↑
SSB: Reduced need for transportation services↓    ↑    
DSB: Faster reaction to changing customer needs↑ ↑     ↑ 
SSB: Facilitated separation between product design and manufacturing tasks    ↑    ↑
DSB: Customised production↑↓↓↓  ↓ ↑↑
DSB: Higher customer service level↑       ↑ 
DSB: Production closer to the customer↑↓↓↓      

Note(s): ↑ means that “WAAM production capability promotes the increase the GSCM performance sub-criteria”

↓ means that “WAAM production capability promotes the decrease the GSCM performance sub-criteria”

RA: Relative advantage; SSB: Supply-side benefits; DSB: Demand-side benefits

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