Table 1 Leadership decisions and actions... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Leadership decisions and actions during crisis times

Conceptualization: Crisis leadership activity	Conceptualization: Leadership decisions and actions (Foster and Dye, 2005)	Operationalization: Decisions and actions taken
Flexibility in employment (Leung and Lam, 2004), lowering turnover and increasing employee retention (Dirani et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2015; Jayathilake et al., 2021; Stuart et al., 2021; Lewis and Sequeira, 2016; Kyndt et al., 2009)	Securing the company's employees	Sending employees on leave or downtime
Building ethical attitudes by ensuring employee satisfaction and reducing employee turnover Yasin et al. (2020), Hensvik et al. (2021)	Securing the company's employees	Working time reduction
Fostering commitment to work by providing employees with the necessary resources (Koekemoer et al., 2021)	Securing the company's employees	Selective employment reduction
Recognizing emerging threats (Boin et al., 2010); agile financial management (Capello and Caragliu, 2021)	Securing the company's core activity	Investment reduction
Organizational design encouraging adaptation (Bundy et al., 2017), adaptative environment allowing for various work models (Tursunbayeva, 2021), in order to secure work continuity (López Peláez et al., 2021)	Securing the company's core activity	Changing to remote working
Undertaking moral and ethical activities to secure supply chains, to meet the stakeholders' expectations (Ferguson et al., 2019); shaping relations with stakeholders (Mitręga and Choi, 2021)	Securing business networks	Extension of payment deadlines for commitments
Ensuring company survival (Tammineedi, 2010; Aguilera et al., 2007; Campello et al., 2010; Karunathilake, 2020; Kinlav et al., 2009; Kraus et al., 2020; Leung and Lam, 2004; Mackey et al., 2007; Manuel and Herron, 2020; Parker, 2020; Paul and Chowdhury, 2020; Ramdoo, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)	Survival as dependent variable	Retaining competent employees, maintaining financial liquidity, maintaining current production, maintaining revenues at the current level and maintaining market share

Conceptualization: Crisis leadership activity	Conceptualization: Leadership decisions and actions (Foster and Dye, 2005)	Operationalization: Decisions and actions taken
Flexibility in employment (Leung and Lam, 2004), lowering turnover and increasing employee retention (Dirani et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2015; Jayathilake et al., 2021; Stuart et al., 2021; Lewis and Sequeira, 2016; Kyndt et al., 2009)	Securing the company's employees	Sending employees on leave or downtime
Building ethical attitudes by ensuring employee satisfaction and reducing employee turnover Yasin et al. (2020), Hensvik et al. (2021)	Securing the company's employees	Working time reduction
Fostering commitment to work by providing employees with the necessary resources (Koekemoer et al., 2021)	Securing the company's employees	Selective employment reduction
Recognizing emerging threats (Boin et al., 2010); agile financial management (Capello and Caragliu, 2021)	Securing the company's core activity	Investment reduction
Organizational design encouraging adaptation (Bundy et al., 2017), adaptative environment allowing for various work models (Tursunbayeva, 2021), in order to secure work continuity (López Peláez et al., 2021)	Securing the company's core activity	Changing to remote working
Undertaking moral and ethical activities to secure supply chains, to meet the stakeholders' expectations (Ferguson et al., 2019); shaping relations with stakeholders (Mitręga and Choi, 2021)	Securing business networks	Extension of payment deadlines for commitments
Ensuring company survival (Tammineedi, 2010; Aguilera et al., 2007; Campello et al., 2010; Karunathilake, 2020; Kinlav et al., 2009; Kraus et al., 2020; Leung and Lam, 2004; Mackey et al., 2007; Manuel and Herron, 2020; Parker, 2020; Paul and Chowdhury, 2020; Ramdoo, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020)	Survival as dependent variable	Retaining competent employees, maintaining financial liquidity, maintaining current production, maintaining revenues at the current level and maintaining market share