Taxonomy of communicative behaviors in conversational agents ( = chatbot, = avatar, = robot, = combination)
| Footing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modality | Human similarity (26) | Individual similarity (15) | Responsiveness (26) | Other (3) | |
Nonverbal behaviors (26) | Nonverbal behaviors grounded in human similarity | Nonverbal behaviors grounded in individual similarity | Nonverbal behaviors grounded in responsiveness | Other nonverbal behaviors | |
voice • gaze • • body movements •• facial expressions and body movements ••• gaze and body movements • behavioral realism • gaze and breathing • gaze and head movements • congruency of gestures •• | response time • head movements •• voice • personality • | etiquette • response time • listening behaviors (e.g. nodding) • • empathic facial expressions • cooperative gestures • laughter • | |||
Verbal behaviors (25) | Verbal behaviors grounded in human similarity | Verbal behaviors grounded in individual similarity | Verbal behaviors grounded in responsiveness | Other verbal behaviors | |
cognitive recall • | communication style • personality • | affect support • social praise • • politeness •• •• humor • ••• communication style • small talk •• empathy • expectancy setting and service recovery • cooperative utterances • responsive utterances • social role • | transparency • argument type • confidence cues • | ||
Appearance Characteristics (19) | Appearance characteristics grounded in human similarity | Appearance characteristics grounded in individual similarity | Appearance characteristics grounded in responsiveness | Other appearance characteristics | |
appearance ••••• • facial appearance • •• physical embodiment • | ethnicity • gender and ethnicity • physical appearance • facial appearance • • physical appearance and environment • physical presence • • | attractiveness • | |||
| Footing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human similarity (26) | Individual similarity (15) | Responsiveness (26) | Other (3) | ||
Nonverbal behaviors (26) | |||||
voice • gaze • • body movements •• facial expressions and body movements ••• gaze and body movements • behavioral realism • gaze and breathing • gaze and head movements • congruency of gestures •• | response time • head movements •• voice • personality • | etiquette • response time • listening behaviors (e.g. nodding) • • empathic facial expressions • cooperative gestures • laughter • | |||
Verbal behaviors (25) | |||||
cognitive recall • | communication style • personality • | affect support • social praise • • politeness •• •• humor • ••• communication style • small talk •• empathy • expectancy setting and service recovery • cooperative utterances • responsive utterances • social role • | transparency • argument type • confidence cues • | ||
Appearance Characteristics (19) | |||||
appearance ••••• • facial appearance • •• physical embodiment • | ethnicity • gender and ethnicity • physical appearance • facial appearance • • physical appearance and environment • physical presence • • | attractiveness • | |||