Table II

Infrastructure financing methods and funding sources

Pay-as-you-go financingPay-as-you-use financing
Cash and savingsDebt financing
TaxationLoan financing
 General taxes Private bank loans
 Special dedicated taxesBond financing
User charges General obligation bonds
Capital reserves and fund balance Revenue bonds
Federal grants and aid Private activities bonds
State grants and aid Leasing-revenue bonds

Source: Chen and Bartle (2017) 

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