Table 1. Summary of findings and the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Summary of findings and the extended model of identity-based place branding process based on Kavaratzis and Hatch (2013, p. 80)

Expressing
Definition: Residents expressed cultural understanding, cultural features and characteristics of the city. Sub-themes: Expressed tangible characteristics of the place Activities at home as spatialising strategies during the lockdown Expressed the internal culture of who “we” were as a community	Sociality dimension: Residents established social connections among family members, between neighbours and among fellow residents Residents demonstrated a unified local community and formed the internal culture of the city	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: Residents’ homes, neighbourhoods and public spaces inaccessible to residents which they missed Spatial scales: Ranging from intimate distances among family members to public distance Spatialisation strategies: Limited space at home prompted various creative spatial solutions To express and show characteristics of the material, tangible environment of the city	Changes exerted by residents: Before: besieged by a crisis, residents faced existential threats; the virus-ravaged city emitted a sentiment of fear, trauma and depression Residents’ actions: Expressed tangible characteristics of the city; pondered on the city’s streets Implemented spatialising strategies at home Expressed community culture Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Enhanced emotional attachment to the city Enhanced common emotional bond among fellow residents Spatialising strategies at home as solutions and responses to crisis Signs of spirit of recovery from the pandemic
Impressing
Definition: Residents created and posted videos to leave positive impressions on audiences and inform their perceptions or image of Wuhan Sub-themes: Creativity in family members’ activities doing meaningful and fun things together while staying at home The residents interacted with an imagined audience (the public) through artistic performances in the videos to leave a positive impression about the city	Sociality dimension: Family members worked together to achieve collective resilience and resourcefulness in coping with the lockdown to leave a positive impression on external audiences about the city Residents interacted with audiences through artistic performances to leave a positive impression about the city	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: The home and the digital space for interactions between residents and audiences Spatial scales: Intimate distances at home, the geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategies: Limited space at home prompted resourceful spatial solutions by family members shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: as the place where the COVID-19 epidemic broke out, Wuhan’s reputation was damaged in the media and the minds of external audiences Residents’ actions: Family members did meaningful and fun things (artistic performances and entertainment) together at home; continued or tweaked existing activities (DIY projects, haircutting by a family member and physical exercises) Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Demonstrated residents’ collective resilience, creativity and resourcefulness in coping with the lockdown Constructed a positive image of the city based on the rationale that residents and their lives are the “bread and butter” of places (Braun et al., 2013, p. 20) and residents are the lifeblood of place brands (Hudak, 2019). Residents formed an integral part of the city brand, and the city was as creative and resilient as its dwellers
Mirroring
Definition: Changes in the external image were mirrored in the city brand. As internal stakeholders, Wuhan’s residents picked up changes in the external audiences’ view and adapted their practices to create a new image – a grateful city emerging from the crisis. Residents thanked external stakeholders like medics	Sociality dimension: The relationships between internal and external stakeholders – the external audiences cheered Wuhan's residents and frontline workers supported Wuhan in the battle. Wuhan’s residents rewarded the medics and frontline workers with gratitude. The residents and frontline workers were in a reciprocal relationship	Spatial dimension: Spatial contexts: Residents’ balconies, the physical distance between internal and external stakeholders, and the digital space for interactions between them Spatial scales: The geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategy: Shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: at the beginning of the pandemic, external audiences had a negative image of Wuhan as a city associated with the virus’ start, and Wuhanese were shunned by others Residents’ actions: Expressed thanks to the medics and frontline workers Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcome): created a new image – a grateful city emerging from the crisis
Reflecting
Definition: Residents viewed the city and themselves in new ways, and they instilled new meaning to the city brand – “Heroic City” and “Heroic People.” Wuhan city’s enriched identity was absorbed back into the culture through reflection	Sociality dimension: On-going conversations between internal stakeholders (residents, generating a new place culture containing the meaning of “Heroic City” and “Heroic People”) and external audiences (new image about the city)	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: Residents’ balconies, the physical distance between internal and external stakeholders, and the digital space for interactions between them Spatial scales: The geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategy: Shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: the city’s reputation was tarnished by the outbreak of the pandemic Residents’ actions: Displayed “heroic people” and “heroic city” slogans in videos and reflected on such labels Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Chinese Government, media and citizens described Wuhan’s residents as “heroic people” and the city as a “heroic city” The city's negative image was changed; “heroic city” emerged as a new image among external audiences

Expressing
Definition: Residents expressed cultural understanding, cultural features and characteristics of the city. Sub-themes: Expressed tangible characteristics of the place Activities at home as spatialising strategies during the lockdown Expressed the internal culture of who “we” were as a community	Sociality dimension: Residents established social connections among family members, between neighbours and among fellow residents Residents demonstrated a unified local community and formed the internal culture of the city	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: Residents’ homes, neighbourhoods and public spaces inaccessible to residents which they missed Spatial scales: Ranging from intimate distances among family members to public distance Spatialisation strategies: Limited space at home prompted various creative spatial solutions To express and show characteristics of the material, tangible environment of the city	Changes exerted by residents: Before: besieged by a crisis, residents faced existential threats; the virus-ravaged city emitted a sentiment of fear, trauma and depression Residents’ actions: Expressed tangible characteristics of the city; pondered on the city’s streets Implemented spatialising strategies at home Expressed community culture Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Enhanced emotional attachment to the city Enhanced common emotional bond among fellow residents Spatialising strategies at home as solutions and responses to crisis Signs of spirit of recovery from the pandemic
Impressing
Definition: Residents created and posted videos to leave positive impressions on audiences and inform their perceptions or image of Wuhan Sub-themes: Creativity in family members’ activities doing meaningful and fun things together while staying at home The residents interacted with an imagined audience (the public) through artistic performances in the videos to leave a positive impression about the city	Sociality dimension: Family members worked together to achieve collective resilience and resourcefulness in coping with the lockdown to leave a positive impression on external audiences about the city Residents interacted with audiences through artistic performances to leave a positive impression about the city	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: The home and the digital space for interactions between residents and audiences Spatial scales: Intimate distances at home, the geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategies: Limited space at home prompted resourceful spatial solutions by family members shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: as the place where the COVID-19 epidemic broke out, Wuhan’s reputation was damaged in the media and the minds of external audiences Residents’ actions: Family members did meaningful and fun things (artistic performances and entertainment) together at home; continued or tweaked existing activities (DIY projects, haircutting by a family member and physical exercises) Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Demonstrated residents’ collective resilience, creativity and resourcefulness in coping with the lockdown Constructed a positive image of the city based on the rationale that residents and their lives are the “bread and butter” of places (Braun et al., 2013, p. 20) and residents are the lifeblood of place brands (Hudak, 2019). Residents formed an integral part of the city brand, and the city was as creative and resilient as its dwellers
Mirroring
Definition: Changes in the external image were mirrored in the city brand. As internal stakeholders, Wuhan’s residents picked up changes in the external audiences’ view and adapted their practices to create a new image – a grateful city emerging from the crisis. Residents thanked external stakeholders like medics	Sociality dimension:The relationships between internal and external stakeholders – the external audiences cheered Wuhan's residents and frontline workers supported Wuhan in the battle. Wuhan’s residents rewarded the medics and frontline workers with gratitude. The residents and frontline workers were in a reciprocal relationship	Spatial dimension: Spatial contexts: Residents’ balconies, the physical distance between internal and external stakeholders, and the digital space for interactions between them Spatial scales: The geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategy: Shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: at the beginning of the pandemic, external audiences had a negative image of Wuhan as a city associated with the virus’ start, and Wuhanese were shunned by others Residents’ actions: Expressed thanks to the medics and frontline workers Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcome): created a new image – a grateful city emerging from the crisis
Reflecting
Definition: Residents viewed the city and themselves in new ways, and they instilled new meaning to the city brand – “Heroic City” and “Heroic People.” Wuhan city’s enriched identity was absorbed back into the culture through reflection	Sociality dimension:On-going conversations between internal stakeholders (residents, generating a new place culture containing the meaning of “Heroic City” and “Heroic People”) and external audiences (new image about the city)	Spatial dimension: Spatial context: Residents’ balconies, the physical distance between internal and external stakeholders, and the digital space for interactions between them Spatial scales: The geographic scope within the city and the national geographic scale Spatialisation strategy: Shifting interactions to the digital space	Changes exerted by residents: Before: the city’s reputation was tarnished by the outbreak of the pandemic Residents’ actions: Displayed “heroic people” and “heroic city” slogans in videos and reflected on such labels Videographic and communicative practices on Douyin After (outcomes): Chinese Government, media and citizens described Wuhan’s residents as “heroic people” and the city as a “heroic city” The city's negative image was changed; “heroic city” emerged as a new image among external audiences

Source: Authors’ own creation