Table 2.

A blank model of the identity-based place branding process for replication in future studies based on Kavaratzis and Hatch (2013, p. 80)

Expressing
Definition: Stakeholders capture and articulate cultural features, cultural understandings and characteristics of a place		Social dimensionSpatial dimensionChanges exerted by stakeholders in a crisis or transformation of a place brand:
• Before
• Actions
• After
Impressing
Definition: Place branding leaves impressions on others and informs their perceptions or image		Social dimensionSpatial dimensionChanges exerted by stakeholders in a crisis or transformation of a place brand:
• Before
• Actions
• After
Mirroring
Definition: Changes in external images are mirrored in the brand; the process picks up changes in the external view and works them into the other parts of the branding process		Spatial dimensionSpatial dimensionChanges exerted by stakeholders in a crisis or transformation of a place brand:
• Before
• Actions
• After
Reflecting
Definition: Alterations in external images of identity are reflected in the place identity conversation, and this produces new cultural understandings		Spatial dimensionSpatial dimensionChanges exerted by stakeholders in a crisis or transformation of a place brand:
• Before
• Actions
• After
Source: Authors’ own creation
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