Theoretical construct and measurement scale
| Parental role model | Self-structured | |
| 1 | My parents encourage me to take on challenges | |
| 2 | My parents run their own business, and I am willing to run my own business as well | |
| Cultural role | Adapted from Díaz-Casero et al. (2012) | |
| 1 | In my country/region, the national culture is highly supportive of individual success achieved through own personal efforts | |
| 2 | In my country/region, the national culture emphasises self-sufficiency, autonomy and personal initiative | |
| 3 | In my country/region, the national culture encourages entrepreneurial risk-taking | |
| 4 | In my country/region, the national culture encourages creativity and innovativeness | |
| 5 | In my country/region, the national culture emphasises the responsibility that the individual (rather than the collective) has in managing his or her own life | |
| Family support | Gelaidan and Abdullateef (2017) | |
| 1 | If I decided to be an entrepreneur, my family members will support me | |
| 2 | If I decided to be an entrepreneur, my friends will support me | |
| Institutional environment | Modified from Schwarz et al. (2009) | |
| 1 | In my institution, people are actively encouraged to pursue their own ideas | |
| 2 | The courses provide students with the knowledge required to start a new company | |
| 3 | There is a well-functioning support infrastructure in place to support the start-up of new firms | |
| 4 | The creative atmosphere inspires us to develop ideas for new businesses | |
| 5 | The education in an institution encourages me to develop creative ideas for being an entrepreneur | |
| Economic resources | Modified from Kickul and D'Intino (2005) | |
| 1 | I can develop and maintain favourable relationships with potential investors | |
| 2 | I can develop a working environment that encourages people to try out something new | |
| 3 | I can identify potential sources of funding for investment | |
| Self-employment intention | Adapted from Ismail et al. (2013) | |
| 1 | I will choose my career as an entrepreneur | |
| 2 | I prefer to be an entrepreneur rather than to be an employee in a company | |
| 3 | I am prepared to do anything to be an entrepreneur | |
| 4 | I will make every effort to start and run my own business | |
| 5 | I have thought seriously to start my own business after completing my study | |
| 6 | I have strong intention to start my own business as soon as possible after graduation | |
| Self-structured | ||
| 1 | My parents encourage me to take on challenges | |
| 2 | My parents run their own business, and I am willing to run my own business as well | |
| Adapted from | ||
| 1 | In my country/region, the national culture is highly supportive of individual success achieved through own personal efforts | |
| 2 | In my country/region, the national culture emphasises self-sufficiency, autonomy and personal initiative | |
| 3 | In my country/region, the national culture encourages entrepreneurial risk-taking | |
| 4 | In my country/region, the national culture encourages creativity and innovativeness | |
| 5 | In my country/region, the national culture emphasises the responsibility that the individual (rather than the collective) has in managing his or her own life | |
| 1 | If I decided to be an entrepreneur, my family members will support me | |
| 2 | If I decided to be an entrepreneur, my friends will support me | |
| Modified from | ||
| 1 | In my institution, people are actively encouraged to pursue their own ideas | |
| 2 | The courses provide students with the knowledge required to start a new company | |
| 3 | There is a well-functioning support infrastructure in place to support the start-up of new firms | |
| 4 | The creative atmosphere inspires us to develop ideas for new businesses | |
| 5 | The education in an institution encourages me to develop creative ideas for being an entrepreneur | |
| Modified from | ||
| 1 | I can develop and maintain favourable relationships with potential investors | |
| 2 | I can develop a working environment that encourages people to try out something new | |
| 3 | I can identify potential sources of funding for investment | |
| Adapted from | ||
| 1 | I will choose my career as an entrepreneur | |
| 2 | I prefer to be an entrepreneur rather than to be an employee in a company | |
| 3 | I am prepared to do anything to be an entrepreneur | |
| 4 | I will make every effort to start and run my own business | |
| 5 | I have thought seriously to start my own business after completing my study | |
| 6 | I have strong intention to start my own business as soon as possible after graduation | |
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