Table 6

A synthesis of the three emerging configurations

Independent Active ControlFemale active controlDouble internal control
  • Family ownership dispersion

  • Board activity (high frequency – short duration)

  • Family ownership concentration

  • Board independence

  • Board diversity

  • Large board size

  • Audit committee activity (high frequency – short duration)

  • Audit committee activity (high frequency – short duration)

  • Absence of CEO duality

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