Table 3.

Comparison between leaders of different ages (one-way analysis of variance)

Age group
29 years or
younger (n = 539)
30–50 years
(n = 5,208)
51 years or
older (n = 1,996)
VariableaMSDMSDMSDFpSchefféb
Leadership scales         
Developmental leadership
 Exemplary, authentic model
 Individualized consideration
 Inspiration and motivation
6.98
7.38
6.73
6.81
0.87
0.82
1.04
1.02
7.16
7.53
6.95
6.97
0.74
0.69
0.93
0.91
7.32
7.67
7.15
7.13
0.71
0.67
0.88
0.87
46.70
46.38
49.79
30.75
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
Conventional positive leadership
 Seek agreements
 Take necessary measures
7.39
6.99
7.77
0.89
1.08
0.96
7.32
6.86
7.79
0.82
1.01
0.88
7.39
6.90
7.88
0.82
1.00
0.86
5.24
4.89
8.45
0.005
0.008
0.000
C
A
B, C
Conventional negative leadership
 If, but only if, reward
 Overcontrol
2.00
2.11
1.91
0.97
1.19
1.04
1.92
2.10
1.76
0.93
1.19
0.94
1.78
1.97
1.60
0.83
1.10
0.82
20.62
9.82
33.28
0.000
0.000
0.000
B, C
C
A, B, C
Destructive leadership
 Active
 Passive
1.81
1.55
2.21
0.67
0.61
0.95
1.74
1.52
2.07
0.61
0.58
0.88
1.65
1.44
1.98
0.59
0.56
0.88
17.73
13.53
16.27
0.000
0.000
0.000
A, B, C
B, C
A, B, C
Desirable competencies         
Task-related
Management-related
Social
Stress management-related
6.93
6.28
7.42
6.72
1.32
1.44
1.30
1.34
7.19
6.66
7.48
6.94
1.27
1.24
1.22
1.13
7.44
6.97
7.61
7.09
1.21
1.16
1.17
1.04
46.98
70.79
9.82
24.37
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
A, B, C
A, B, C
C
A, B, C
Results6.971.077.071.007.260.9529.320.000B, C

Notes:

aAll scales can range from 1 (lowest frequency/level) to 9 (highest frequency/level). bAll significant difference between the youngest and the mid-groups. B = significant difference between the youngest and oldest group. C = significant difference between the mid- and oldest groups

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