Comparison between leaders of different ages (one-way analysis of variance)
| Age group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 years or younger (n = 539) | 30–50 years (n = 5,208) | 51 years or older (n = 1,996) | |||||||
| Variablea | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | Schefféb |
| Leadership scales | |||||||||
| Developmental leadership Exemplary, authentic model Individualized consideration Inspiration and motivation | 6.98 7.38 6.73 6.81 | 0.87 0.82 1.04 1.02 | 7.16 7.53 6.95 6.97 | 0.74 0.69 0.93 0.91 | 7.32 7.67 7.15 7.13 | 0.71 0.67 0.88 0.87 | 46.70 46.38 49.79 30.75 | 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 | A, B, C A, B, C A, B, C A, B, C |
| Conventional positive leadership Seek agreements Take necessary measures | 7.39 6.99 7.77 | 0.89 1.08 0.96 | 7.32 6.86 7.79 | 0.82 1.01 0.88 | 7.39 6.90 7.88 | 0.82 1.00 0.86 | 5.24 4.89 8.45 | 0.005 0.008 0.000 | C A B, C |
| Conventional negative leadership If, but only if, reward Overcontrol | 2.00 2.11 1.91 | 0.97 1.19 1.04 | 1.92 2.10 1.76 | 0.93 1.19 0.94 | 1.78 1.97 1.60 | 0.83 1.10 0.82 | 20.62 9.82 33.28 | 0.000 0.000 0.000 | B, C C A, B, C |
| Destructive leadership Active Passive | 1.81 1.55 2.21 | 0.67 0.61 0.95 | 1.74 1.52 2.07 | 0.61 0.58 0.88 | 1.65 1.44 1.98 | 0.59 0.56 0.88 | 17.73 13.53 16.27 | 0.000 0.000 0.000 | A, B, C B, C A, B, C |
| Desirable competencies | |||||||||
| Task-related Management-related Social Stress management-related | 6.93 6.28 7.42 6.72 | 1.32 1.44 1.30 1.34 | 7.19 6.66 7.48 6.94 | 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.13 | 7.44 6.97 7.61 7.09 | 1.21 1.16 1.17 1.04 | 46.98 70.79 9.82 24.37 | 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 | A, B, C A, B, C C A, B, C |
| Results | 6.97 | 1.07 | 7.07 | 1.00 | 7.26 | 0.95 | 29.32 | 0.000 | B, C |
| Age group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 years or | 30–50 years | 51 years or | |||||||
| Variablea | Schefféb | ||||||||
| Developmental leadership | 6.98 | 0.87 | 7.16 | 0.74 | 7.32 | 0.71 | 46.70 | 0.000 | A, B, C |
| Conventional positive leadership | 7.39 | 0.89 | 7.32 | 0.82 | 7.39 | 0.82 | 5.24 | 0.005 | C |
| Conventional negative leadership | 2.00 | 0.97 | 1.92 | 0.93 | 1.78 | 0.83 | 20.62 | 0.000 | B, C |
| Destructive leadership | 1.81 | 0.67 | 1.74 | 0.61 | 1.65 | 0.59 | 17.73 | 0.000 | A, B, C |
| Task-related | 6.93 | 1.32 | 7.19 | 1.27 | 7.44 | 1.21 | 46.98 | 0.000 | A, B, C |
| 6.97 | 1.07 | 7.07 | 1.00 | 7.26 | 0.95 | 29.32 | 0.000 | B, C | |
Notes:
aAll scales can range from 1 (lowest frequency/level) to 9 (highest frequency/level). bAll significant difference between the youngest and the mid-groups. B = significant difference between the youngest and oldest group. C = significant difference between the mid- and oldest groups