Table 5.

Zivot and Andrews’ (1992) unit root tests

Unit root at levelsUnit root at first differences
Variablet-statisticYear of breakt-statisticYear of break
LNOWB−5.330* (0, I)2005−3.122**(1, I)2008
LNSWB−3.459** (0, I)2004−6.911* (0, I)1990
LNHWB−1.633 (0, I)1987−6.449**(0, I)2008
LNTOUR−3.588** (0, I)2004−7.831* (0,I)2000

Notes:

*, ** and *** refer to rejection of null hypothesis that unit root exist at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. () refers to optimal breaks

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