Definition and scales of variables
| Variable | Definition | Scales | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | |||
| Productivity | A value of 1 indicates the perception of a company’s manager on the increase of productivity in terms of greater efficiency in business processes from innovation; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | Mezias and Starbuck (2003), Seclen-Luna et al. (2021b) |
| Market share | A value of 1 indicates the perception of a company’s manager on the increased market share in terms of greater sales and customers from innovation; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Independent variables | |||
| Product innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has introduced new or significantly improved products in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | Geldes et al. (2017), Goedhuys and Veugelers (2012), Heredia-Pérez et al. (2019), Li and Vermeulen (2021), OECD & EUROSTAT (2005), Seclen-Luna and Morales (2022), Tsai et al. (2011) |
| Service innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has introduced new or significantly improved services in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Production method | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved engineering, design or test activities for production in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Logistic method | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved logistic, distribution or storage activities in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Acquisition of machinery and hardware | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has acquired machinery and hardware (e.g. industrial robots or machine tools, 3D printing) in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Organizational innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has acquired software for its internal processes (e.g. ERP, CAD) in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Marketing innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved promotion techniques, product positioning or pricing in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Moderating variables | |||
| Expenditure on internal R&D activities | A value of 1 indicates that the firm had expenditure on internal R&D activities in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | Crespi & Zúñiga (2010), Seclen-Luna and Morales (2022) |
| Control variables | |||
| Firm size | Number of workers (permanent full-time workers) | Logarithm | Del Carpio Gallegos and Seclen-Luna (2022) |
| Firm age | Time from the foundation of the firm (except for firms with three years or less) | Logarithm |
| Variable | Definition | Scales | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Productivity | A value of 1 indicates the perception of a company’s manager on the increase of productivity in terms of greater efficiency in business processes from innovation; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Market share | A value of 1 indicates the perception of a company’s manager on the increased market share in terms of greater sales and customers from innovation; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Product innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has introduced new or significantly improved products in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Service innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has introduced new or significantly improved services in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Production method | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved engineering, design or test activities for production in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Logistic method | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved logistic, distribution or storage activities in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Process innovation – Acquisition of machinery and hardware | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has acquired machinery and hardware (e.g. industrial robots or machine tools, 3D printing) in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Organizational innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has acquired software for its internal processes (e.g. ERP, CAD) in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Marketing innovation | A value of 1 indicates that the firm has implemented new or significantly improved promotion techniques, product positioning or pricing in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | |
| Expenditure on internal R&D activities | A value of 1 indicates that the firm had expenditure on internal R&D activities in the last three years; 0 = otherwise | Dichotomous | Crespi & Zúñiga (2010), |
| Firm size | Number of workers (permanent full-time workers) | Logarithm | |
| Firm age | Time from the foundation of the firm (except for firms with three years or less) | Logarithm |
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