Table 2.

Variables used to test Wagner’s law

Version of Wagner’s lawYearDependent variable
(Based on Wagner’s law)		Independent variable
(Based on Wagner’s law)		Expected causal relationshipSource of data
Pryor1969LGCLGDPLGDP → LGC
(Wagner’s law)
LGC → LGDP
(Keynesian hypothesis)		World Bank, WDI
Goffman1967LG, but LGC is used as proxyLGDPPLGDPP → LGC
(Wagner’s law)
LGC → LGDPP
(Keynesian hypothesis)
Gupta1968LGP, but LGCP is used as proxyLGDPPLGDPP → LGCP
(Wagner’s law)
LGCP → LGDPP
(Keynesian hypothesis)
Musgrave1969LGGDP, but LGCGDP is used as proxyLGDPPLGDPP → LGCGDP
(Wagner’s law)
LGCGDP → LGDPP
(Keynesian hypothesis)
Mann1980LGGDP, but LGCGDP is used as proxyLGDPLGDP → LGCGDP
(Wagner’s law)
LGCGDP → LGDP
(Keynesian hypothesis)
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