Table 3 Results of the Augmented... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Results of the Augmented Dicky–Fuller and Phillips–Peron unit root tests

Variables	ADF				PP
	I(0)		I(1)		I(0)		I(1)
	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.	I.C	I.C. and Tr.	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.
LnGDP	0.50	−1.32	−6.12^**	−6.23^**	0.50	−1.40	−6.15^**	−6.24^**
CGD	−1.4	−1.5	−4.2^***	−4.1^**	−1.6	−1.7	−4.2^***	−4.1^**
IPED	−1.6	−2.1	−7.4^***	−4.5^***	−1.6	−2.1	−7.1^***	−7.0^***
FDI	−1.6	−2.5	−4.4^**	−4.4^**	−1.7	−2.1	−4.3^**	−4.3^**

Variables	ADF				PP
	I(0)		I(1)		I(0)		I(1)
	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.	I.C	I.C. and Tr.	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.	I.C.	I.C. and Tr.
LnGDP	0.50	−1.32	−6.12^**	−6.23^**	0.50	−1.40	−6.15^**	−6.24^**
CGD	−1.4	−1.5	−4.2^***	−4.1^**	−1.6	−1.7	−4.2^***	−4.1^**
IPED	−1.6	−2.1	−7.4^***	−4.5^***	−1.6	−2.1	−7.1^***	−7.0^***
FDI	−1.6	−2.5	−4.4^**	−4.4^**	−1.7	−2.1	−4.3^**	−4.3^**

Note(s): ^*, ^** and ^*** denote the absence of unit root at 10, 5 and 1% levels, respectively