Table 1 Summary of measurement systems... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Summary of measurement systems applied so far for crystals growth diagnosis

Diagnosis method (reference)	Accuracy, measurement resolution	Measurement frequency	Comments
X-ray tomography *(Bischof et al., 2007; Carlson and Denison, 1992)*	high abilities of detection, high resolution	60–180 min/image	inhomogeneous sensitivity, hard-field radiation safety requirements
Optical tomography *(Abbas et al., 2002)*	high resolution	few frames/ second	transparent medium and tank required
*Optical Coherence Tomography (Hierzenberger et al., 2010)*	high resolution of several hundred microns	few frames/ second	partially transparent medium acceptable, transparent tank required
Ultrasound spectroscopy *(Mougin et al., 2003)*	high resolution (single crystals detection)	few frames/ second	invasive for (L) -Glutamic Acid Crystals growth
Electrical Resistance Tomography (Primrose, 2008)	low resolution (crystals regions’ detection)	up to 100 frames per second for 12 electrodes sensors	connection with the process, crystals growth on electrodes, high conductivity medium, possible 3 D imaging
*Electrical Capacitance measurement (Al Hosani et al., 2015)*	low resolution, crystals regions’ detection, for limescale detection	up to 100 frames per second for 12 electrodes sensors	no contact with a medium, low medium conductivity recommended, possible 3 D imaging

Diagnosis method(reference)	Accuracy,measurement resolution	Measurement frequency	Comments
X-ray tomography(Bischof et al., 2007; Carlson and Denison, 1992)	high abilities of detection, high resolution	60–180 min/image	inhomogeneous sensitivity, hard-field radiation safety requirements
Optical tomography(Abbas et al., 2002)	high resolution	few frames/ second	transparent medium and tank required
Optical Coherence Tomography (Hierzenberger et al., 2010)	high resolution of several hundred microns	few frames/ second	partially transparent medium acceptable, transparent tank required
Ultrasound spectroscopy(Mougin et al., 2003)	high resolution (single crystals detection)	few frames/ second	invasive for (L) -Glutamic Acid Crystals growth
Electrical Resistance Tomography (Primrose, 2008)	low resolution (crystals regions’ detection)	up to 100 frames per second for 12 electrodes sensors	connection with the process, crystals growth on electrodes, high conductivity medium, possible 3 D imaging
Electrical Capacitance measurement (Al Hosani et al., 2015)	low resolution, crystals regions’ detection, for limescale detection	up to 100 frames per second for 12 electrodes sensors	no contact with a medium, low medium conductivity recommended, possible 3 D imaging