Table 2

Enablers of whistleblowing behavior identified from the literature

S.NoFactors codeFactorReferenceDefinition
1RW1Perceived seriousness of issue (PS)Alleyne et al. (2013), Caillier (2017), Robinson et al. (2012), Somers and Casal (2011) The degree of seriousness of malpractices would appear to be an important trigger for further decision-making
2RW2Perceived personal cost to report (PC)Dalton and Radtke (2013) Perceived harm or discomfort that would result from reporting
3RW3Perceived responsibility (PR)Lee and Xiao (2018) A person is deemed to be responsible for actions that he or she controlled or intended to produce
4RW4Moral judgment (MJ)Culiberg and Mihelič (2017) Judgment about rightness or wrongness of action, which shapes moral behavior
5RW5Moral courage (MC)Baumert et al. (2013), Watts and Buckley (2017) Individual's actions as per their own moral standards with the possibility of negative consequences
6RW6Moral identity (MI)Watts and Buckley (2017) The organization of an individual's self-concept around moral virtues
7RW7Self-efficacyAlleyne et al. (2013), Latan et al. (2018) An individual's ability to manipulate the environment
8RW8EmpathyPohling et al. (2016) A positive moral emotion congruent with the perceived welfare of another
9RW9Feeling of angerJones et al. (2014), Park and Lewis (2019) Reinforces willingness to report wrongs
10RW10Satisfaction from job (JS)Cassematic and Wortley (2013) An attitude based on cognitive evaluation of the job

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