Table 1. Summary list of research... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Summary list of research variables

Variables of interest	Measurement	Indicate
1. Performance Ratio (PR)	PR = $\frac{N e t C l a i m}{N e t P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Efficacy in underwriting management
2. Expense Ratio (ER)	ER = $\frac{O p e r a t i n g e x p . + U n d e r w r i t i n g c o m m .}{N e t P r e m i u m E a r n e d}$ × 100	Operational efficiency
3. Return on Assets (ROA)	ROA = $\frac{N e t I n c o m e}{T o t a l A s s e t s}$ × 100	Profitability
4. Risk Retention Ratio (RRR)	RRR = $\frac{N e t P r e m i u m}{G r o s s P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Efficacy in managing risk
5. Combined Ratio (CR)	CR = $\frac{I n c u r r e d L o s s e s + E x p e n s e s}{E a r n e d P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Overall financial performance
6. Internal Growth Rate (IGR)	IGR = $\frac{R O A x b}{1 - (R O A x b)} \times 100$	Internal Growth Capacity

Variables of interest	Measurement	Indicate
1. Performance Ratio (PR)	PR = $\frac{N e t C l a i m}{N e t P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Efficacy in underwriting management
2. Expense Ratio (ER)	ER = $\frac{O p e r a t i n g e x p . + U n d e r w r i t i n g c o m m .}{N e t P r e m i u m E a r n e d}$ × 100	Operational efficiency
3. Return on Assets (ROA)	ROA = $\frac{N e t I n c o m e}{T o t a l A s s e t s}$ × 100	Profitability
4. Risk Retention Ratio (RRR)	RRR = $\frac{N e t P r e m i u m}{G r o s s P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Efficacy in managing risk
5. Combined Ratio (CR)	CR = $\frac{I n c u r r e d L o s s e s + E x p e n s e s}{E a r n e d P r e m i u m}$ × 100	Overall financial performance
6. Internal Growth Rate (IGR)	IGR = $\frac{R O A x b}{1 - (R O A x b)} \times 100$	Internal Growth Capacity

Source: Author’s own compilation