| List of Tables | vii |
| List of Figures | viii |
| About the Authors | ix |
| Preface | xi |
| Abstract | xiii |
| 1 Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1. Significance of EMs | 1 |
| 1.2. Terrorism, EMs, and MNEs | 5 |
| 1.3. Why This Study? | 7 |
| 1.4. Case Study Method | 8 |
| 1.5. Research Aims and Research Questions | 8 |
| 2 Current State of the Knowledge | 13 |
| 2.1. MNEs and EMs | 13 |
| 2.2. Terrorism | 18 |
| 2.3. Impacts of Terrorism on MNEs | 22 |
| 2.4. Countering Impacts of Terrorism | 27 |
| 2.5. Synthesis | 28 |
| 3 Theoretical Lens | 33 |
| 3.1. How Institutional Theory Works | 35 |
| 3.2. Three Institutional Processes | 37 |
| 3.3. The Conceptual Framework | 38 |
| 4 Methodology | 41 |
| 4.1. Research Design | 41 |
| 4.2. Data Collection | 42 |
| 4.3. Case Study Methodology | 42 |
| 4.4. Data Analysis | 50 |
| 4.5. Analysis Criteria | 51 |
| 5 Case Studies | 53 |
| 5.1. Case Study 1. NEST Turkey | 53 |
| 5.2. Case Study 2. NEST Pakistan | 58 |
| 5.3. Case Study 3. Beverages Turkey | 63 |
| 5.4. Case Study 4. Beverages Pakistan | 68 |
| 5.5. Case Study 5. Oil Co. Turkey | 72 |
| 5.6. Case Study 6. Oil Co. Pakistan | 76 |
| 5.7. Case Study 7. Fast Food Turkey | 81 |
| 5.8. Case Study 8. Fast Food Pakistan | 85 |
| 6 Findings and Analysis | 91 |
| 6.1. MNEs in Turkey | 91 |
| 6.2. MNEs in Pakistan | 109 |
| 6.3. Comparative Analysis | 125 |
| 7 Discussion and Conclusion | 137 |
| 7.1. Overview of the Study and Findings | 137 |
| 7.2. Theoretical Implications | 149 |
| 7.3. Managerial Implications | 151 |
| 7.4. Limitations | 153 |
| 7.5. Suggestions for Future Research | 154 |
| References | 157 |
| Index | 167 |
| 1.1. Significance of EMs | 1 |
| 1.2. Terrorism, EMs, and MNEs | 5 |
| 1.3. Why This Study? | 7 |
| 1.4. Case Study Method | 8 |
| 1.5. Research Aims and Research Questions | 8 |
| 2.1. MNEs and EMs | 13 |
| 2.2. Terrorism | 18 |
| 2.3. Impacts of Terrorism on MNEs | 22 |
| 2.4. Countering Impacts of Terrorism | 27 |
| 2.5. Synthesis | 28 |
| 3.1. How Institutional Theory Works | 35 |
| 3.2. Three Institutional Processes | 37 |
| 3.3. The Conceptual Framework | 38 |
| 4.1. Research Design | 41 |
| 4.2. Data Collection | 42 |
| 4.3. Case Study Methodology | 42 |
| 4.4. Data Analysis | 50 |
| 4.5. Analysis Criteria | 51 |
| 5.1. Case Study 1. NEST Turkey | 53 |
| 5.2. Case Study 2. NEST Pakistan | 58 |
| 5.3. Case Study 3. Beverages Turkey | 63 |
| 5.4. Case Study 4. Beverages Pakistan | 68 |
| 5.5. Case Study 5. Oil Co. Turkey | 72 |
| 5.6. Case Study 6. Oil Co. Pakistan | 76 |
| 5.7. Case Study 7. Fast Food Turkey | 81 |
| 5.8. Case Study 8. Fast Food Pakistan | 85 |
| 6.1. MNEs in Turkey | 91 |
| 6.2. MNEs in Pakistan | 109 |
| 6.3. Comparative Analysis | 125 |
| 7.1. Overview of the Study and Findings | 137 |
| 7.2. Theoretical Implications | 149 |
| 7.3. Managerial Implications | 151 |
| 7.4. Limitations | 153 |
| 7.5. Suggestions for Future Research | 154 |
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